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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
FACULTY OF ARTS MEDIA
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OPTION OF
SOCIOLOGY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2011
THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AS
MEANS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN
RWANDA.
Case study: Kitabi sector / Nyamagabe
District
A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts Media and
Social Sciences Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of
Bachelor?s Degree in Sociology
By
Vianney NSANGANIRA
Supervisor: Mrs. Béatha MUKAMURENZI
Huye, October, 2011
DECLARATION
I, Vianney NSANGANIRA declare that to best of my knowledge,
the research work presented in this dissertation is my original. None has
presented it in the National University or elsewhere for any award. Where the
work of other individuals was consulted, were indicated in the references.
Student signature
Date / /2011
Vianney NSANGANIRA
DEDICATION
.
To my Almighty God
To my beloved parents
To my brothers,
Fabien IRAGUHA, Claude KALISA
and Jacques IRAKIZA
To my sister Josiane
BAYISENGE
To my Aunt Asnathy NAKURE
To My Friends Faustin TWAGIRAYEZU and
Abraham UWARIRAYE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and consideration to
those who supported me directly or indirectly in carrying out this research.
First and foremost I thank God Almighty for providing me grace
and wisdom to complete this dissertation. I would like to express my sincere
and heartfelt thanks to my father and mother.
I would like to express my sincere consideration to the
government of Rwanda via N.U.R for sponsorship awarded to me in every aspect as
far as academic issues is concerned benefited during the last four years, my
education became a quality-based knowledge to the best of their capacity.
Never can I forget my Supervisor, Madam. Béatha
MUKAMURENZI whose supervision, criticisms and guidance were so much empowering,
even though she was very occupied by different academic activities, but she
accepted to bear the responsibility of taking over with her generous heart
during the course of this dissertation; I owe her profound appreciation.
Special thanks go to my fellow students and friends for their
limitless love during my study. May GOD, the Almighty bless us all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
ABSTRACT x
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3. Research question 5
1.4. Research hypothesis 5
1.5. Significance of the study 5
1.6. Objectives of the study 5
1.6.1. General objective 5
1.6.2. Specific objectives 5
1.7. Scope of the study 6
1.8. Organizational of the study 6
CHAPTER TWO: DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
7
2.1. The concept of environmental conservation 7
2.1.1. Environment 7
2.1.1.1. Characteristics of Rwandan environment 8
2.1.1.2. Rwandan environmental problems. 10
2.1.1.3. Environment and economic growth 12
2.1.1.4. Rwanda environmental concerns of the international
contexts 13
2.1.1.4.1. Climatic changes 13
2.1.1.4.2. Ozone layer depletion 13
2.1.2. Environmental conservation 14
2.2.1. Necessary conditions for the population implication in
environmental conservation
activities 14
2.2.2. Environment Management Systems (EMS) 15
2.2.2.1. Best practices of Environment Management Systems (EMS)
15
2.2.2. Environmental conservation and sustainable development in
Rwanda. 16
2. 2. Concepts of sustainable development 16
2.2.1. Sustainability 16
2.2.2. Development 18
2.2.2.1. Causes of development 19
2.2.2.2. Obstacles to development 20
2.2.3. Sustainable development 21
2.2.2.3.1. Integration of environmental conservation in
agricultural sector for sustainable development 22
2.2.2.3.2. Integration of
environmental conservation in the commerce for sustainable
development 23
2.2.2.3.3. Integration of environmental conservation into
economic growth for sustainable development 24
2.2.2.3.4. The integration environmental conservation in local
government for sustainable development 24
2.3. The concept of rural areas 25
2.3.1.3. Objectives of having sustainable development in rural
areas 27
CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITE AND
METHODOLOGY 29
3.1. Description of the study site 29
3.2. Methodology 30
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3.3. Population 30
3.5. Purposive sampling 31
3.6. Techniques of Sample selection. 31
3.7. Source of Data 32
3.7.1. Primary data 33
3.7.2. Secondary Data 33
3.8. Techniques of Data collection 33
3.8.1. Documentary analysis/ Documentation 33
3.8.2. Questionnaire 33
3.8.3. Interview 33
3.8.4. Observation 34
3.9. Data processing and analysis 34
3.9.1. Tabulation 34
3.9.2. Editing 34
3.9.3. Coding 34
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS 35
4.1. Presentation of the findings 35
4.2. Section one: demographic characteristic of respondents 35
4.2.1. Distribution of respondents by sex, age and education
level 35
4.3. Section two: Qualitative section or Field data analysis
37
4.3.1 Respondents? views on the understanding of environmental
conservation and sustainable development in their area. 37
4.3.2.
Respondents? views on the impact of environmental conservation for
sustainable
development 39
4.3.3. Respondents? views on the activities developed through the
presence of NNP. 40
4.3.4. Respondents? views on how environmental conservation
maintains sustainable development in rural areas. 41
vii
4.3.5. Respondents? views on the importance of environmental
conservation 42
4.3.6. Respondents? views on environmental problem in Kitabi
43
4.3.7. Respondents views about how local populations were allowed
in the participation of environmental activities. 44
4.3.8. Respondents?
views around the Nyungwe National Park on how their economic
development changed. 45
4.3.9. Respondents? views on
environmental policy and its importance to Rwandan rural
areas 46
4.2.10. Benefits from Nyungwe National Park 47
4.2.11. The linkage between environmental conservation and
sustainable development of rural areas. 48
4.4. Qualitative analysis of the data got from the interview with
the local leaders of Kitabi
sector. 49
4.4.1. The role played by the local leaders in
environmental conservation for achieving
sustainable development in rural areas. 49
4.2.2. Respondents?
views on how environmental conservation could be best implemented
and lead to sustainable development in rural areas. 50
4.4.3.
Suggested recommendations by the respondents for better environmental
conservation
as a way of achieving sustainable development in rural areas
51
4.4.4. Linkage Between theories and findings from the field 51
4.5. Verification of the hypothesis 51
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 53
5.1. Conclusion 53
5.2. Recommendations 53
5.3. Suggestions for further research 54
REFERENCES 55
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