WOW !! MUCH LOVE ! SO WORLD PEACE !
Fond bitcoin pour l'amélioration du site: 1memzGeKS7CB3ECNkzSn2qHwxU6NZoJ8o
  Dogecoin (tips/pourboires): DCLoo9Dd4qECqpMLurdgGnaoqbftj16Nvp


Home | Publier un mémoire | Une page au hasard

 > 

Diversités phénotypique et moléculaire des microsymbiotes du Sulla du nord (Hédysarum Coronarium L. ) et sélection de souches rhizobiales efficientes

( Télécharger le fichier original )
par Sana Dhane Fitouri
Institut national agronomique de Tunisie - Doctorat en sciences agronomiques 2011
  

précédent sommaire suivant

Bitcoin is a swarm of cyber hornets serving the goddess of wisdom, feeding on the fire of truth, exponentially growing ever smarter, faster, and stronger behind a wall of encrypted energy

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES

Références bibliographiques

Aarons S. R. et Graham P. H. 1991. Response of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli to acidity. Plant Soil. 134: 145-151.

Abaidoo R. C., Keyser H. H., Singleton P.W., Dashiell K. E., Sanginga, N., 2007. Population size, distribution, and symbiotic characteristics of indigenous Bradyrhizobium spp. that nodulate TGx soybean genotypes in Africa. Appl. Soil Ecol. 35 : 57-67.

Abdelguerfi A., Abdelguerfi-laouar M. 2002. Les ressources génétiques d'intérêt fourrager et/ou pastoral : diversité, collecte et valorisation au niveau du bassin méditerranéen. In proceeding of rehabilitation des pâturages et des parcours en milieux méditerranéens.11 meeting of the mediterranean sub-network of the fao-ciheam. 29 Oct -1 Nov , 2002, Djerba, Tunisie.

Abdelly C., Lachaâl M., Grignon C., Soltani A., Hajji M. 1995. Association épisodique d'halophytes strictes et de glycophytes dans un écosystème hydromorphe salé en zone semiaride. Agronomie 15: 557-568.

Abdel-Wahab H. H., Zahran H. H. et M. H. Abd-Alla. 1996. Root-hair infection and nodulation of four grain legumes as affected by the form and the application time of nitrogen fertilizer. Folia Microbiol. 41: 303-308.

Acevedo E. 1991. Improvement of winter cereal crops in mediterranean environment. Use of yield, morphological and physiological traits. Coll. Physiology breeding of winter cereals for stressed mediterranean environment, 55. Paris : Inra éditions.

Aftab A., Asghari B., Mussarat F. 2010. Higher soybean yield by inoculation with N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30: 487-495.

Afnor. 1981. Qualité des sols : Mesure du pH (H2O).méthode électrométrique. AFNOR 81 197.

Afnor. 1982. Qualité des sols : Détermination du calcaire actif. AFNOR 82 083.

Afnor. 1983. Soils quality-Determination of total organic carbon by sulfochromic oxidation. AFNOR 83274

Afnor. 1984. Qualité des sols : Détermination du phosphore. Méthode Olsen. AFNOR 84 454.

Aguirreolea J. and Sanchez-Dýaz M. 1989. CO2 evolution by nodulated roots in Medicago sativa L. under water stress. J Plant Physiol. 134: 598-602.

Amager N. 1974. Aspect micro biologique de la culture de féverole en France. C.R. Académie de l'Agriculture. 60: 105-112.

Amarger N. 2001. Rhizobia in the field. Adv. Agron. 73:109-168.

Références bibliographiques

Amellal N., Burtin G., Bartoli F., Heulin T. 1998. Colonization of wheat roots by an exopolysaccharide-producing Pantoea agglomerans strain and its effect on rhizosphere soil aggregation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 :3740-3747.

Andrade D.S., Murphy P.J., Giller K.J. 2002. The diversity of Phaseolus-nodulating rhizobial populations is altered by liming of acid soils planted with Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Brazil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:4025-4034.

Angers D. A., Mehuys G. R. 1989. Effects of cropping on carbohydrate content and water stable aggregation of a clay soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69: 373-380.

Ann M. H., Dietz B. W., David B. M., Julie C., Brett T. and John I. Y. 2003. Molecular signals and receptors: controlling rhizosphere interactions between plants and other organisms. Ecological Society of America. 84 (4):858- 868.

Antoun H., Beauchamp J., Goussard N., Chabot R., Lalande R. 1998. Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on non-legumes: effect on radishes Raphanus sativus L.. Plant Soil. 204: 57-67.

Arreseigor C., Minchin F. R., Gordon A. J., and Nath A. K. 1997. Possible cause of the physiological decline in soybean nitrogen fixation in response to nitrate. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 905-913.

Arvieu J.C. 1980. Réaction des phophates minéraux en milieu calcaire, conséquences sur l'état et la solubilité du phosphore. Science du Sol. 3: 179-189.

Athar M. and Johnson D.A. 1996. Effects of drought on the growth and survival of Rhizobium
meliloti
strains from Pakistan and Nepal. Journal of Arid Environment. 35: 335-340.

Athar M. 2000. Drought tolerance by lentil rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum) from arid and semiarid areas of Pakistan. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26: 38-42.

Atkins C. A., Shelp B. J., Kuo J., Peoples M. B., and Pate T. S. 1984. Nitrogen nutrition and
the development and senescence of nodules on cowpea seedlings. Planta. 162:316-326.

Aubertot J.N., Barbier J.M., Carpentier A., Gril J.N., Guichard L., Lucas P., Savary S., Voltz M. et Savini I. 2005. Pesticides, agriculture, environnement. Réduire l'utilisation des pesticides et en limiter les impacts environnementaux, Expertise scientifique collective, Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche. Ministère de l'Ecologie et du Développement Durable de France: 702 p.

Baccouche M. 1998. Le système fourrager de l'Agro-combinat Ghézala: étude technique et proposition d'amélioration. Mémoire de Fin d'études du Cycle de Spécialisation. INA Tunisie : 98p.

Bailey L. D. 1983 Effects of Potassium fertilizer and fall harveste on Alfafa grown on the eastern Canadian prairies. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 63: 211-219.

Références bibliographiques

Ballatore G. P. 1963. La cultivazione della sulla: le sulla en Tunisie. In "L'Informatore agrario", Verona, Italie. 741p.

Balabel-Naglaa MA. 1997. Silicate bacteria as biofertilizers. MSc Thesis, Agriculture
Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt. 130p.

Barnani K. 1984. Analyse de l'intéraction Rhizobium-cultivar chez le sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.). Mémoire de 3 ème cycle Agronomie, IAV. Hassan II, Rabat.

Bayuelo-Jiménez J. S., Craig R. and Lynch J. P. 2002. Salinity tolerance of Phaseolus species during germination and early seedling growth. Crop Sci. 42: 2184-2192.

Becker A., Berges H., Krol E., Bruand C., Ruberg S., Capela D., Lauber E., Meilhoc E., Ampe F., de Bruijn FJ., Fourment J., Francez-Charlot A., Kahn D., Kuster H., Liebe C., Puhler A., Weidner S., Batut J. 2004. Global changes in gene expression in Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 under microoxic and symbiotic conditions. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17: 292-303.

Belimov A. A., Dodd I. C., Hontzeas N., Theobald J. C., Safronova V. I., Davies W. J. 2009. Rhizosphere bacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase increase yield of plants grown in drying soil via both local and systemic hormone signaling. New Phytol. 181: 413-423.

Ben Jeddi F., Zouaghi M., Harrabi M., Strobel G. A., et. Hannaway D. B. 1989. nodulation of Lupinus albus and Vicia faba by Rhizobium spp. as influenced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. FEMS Microbiology. 59: 77-82.

Ben Jeddi F. et Zouaghi M. 1995. Biodiversité et amélioration génétique des génotypes spontannés du Sulla du Nord Hedysarum coronarium L.. In Actes des deuxièmes journées sur les acquis de la recherche agronomique et vétérinaire. 8-10 décembre 1995, Hammamet, Tunisie.

Ben Jeddi F., Zouaghi M., et Behaeghe T. 1998. Le sulla sauvage: biodiversité et création variétale. In Actes du premier séminaire international sur la mobilisation, l'exploitation et la conservation des ressources naturelles. pp.387-397.

Ben Jeddi F. 1996. Le sulla ensilage: possibilités et limites. Journée d'information sur les ensilages. In rapport Ministère de l'Agriculture. IRESA. 28 mars 1996, Pôle de développment du Nord-Ouest, Bousalem,Tunisie.

Ben jeddi F. 2004. Amélioration du sulla du nord spontanné : création variétale et et progrès génétique. In 1ère session de formation des ingénieurs de nord sur le sulla Bikra 21 dans les systèmes de culture. Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'environnement et des ressources hydrauliques-DGPA., 29 mars-02 avril 2004, Sidi thabet, Tunisie.

Références bibliographiques

Ben Jeddi F. 2005. Hedysarum coronarium L. : Variation génétique, création variétale et place dans les rotations tunisiennes. Thèse de doctorat en sciences biologiques appliquées. Faculté des sciences en bio-ingénierie. Université de Gen Belgique. 216 p.

Ben Rebah F., Prévost D., Yezza A., Tyagi R. D., 2007. Agro-industrial waste 588 materials and wastewater sludge for rhizobial inoculant production: A review. Bioresource Technology 18, 3535-3546.

Ben Romdhane S., Trabelsi M., Aouani M. E., De Lajudie P. and Mhamdi R. 2009. The diversity of rhizobia nodulating chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under water deficiency as a source of more efficient inoculants. Soil Biol. Biochem. 41: 2568-2572.

Benhizia Y., Benhizia H., Benguedouar A., Muresu R., Giacomini A., Squartini A. 2004. Gammaproteobacteria can nodulate legumes of the genus Hedysarum. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 462-468.

Bentham G. et Hooker J. D. 1865. Genera Plantarum, 1-40. London Reeve.

Berge O., Lodhi A., Brandelet G., Santaella C., Roncato M.A., Christen R., Heulin T.and Achouak W. 2009. Rhizobium alamii sp. nov., an exopolysaccharide-producing species isolated from legume and non-legume rhizospheres Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59: 367- 372.

Beringer J. E., Bisseling T. A. and La Rue, T. A. 1988. Improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation through the genetic manipulation of Rhizobium and legume host plants. In: R. J. Summerfield, (ed). World Crops: Cool Season Food Legumes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 691-702.

Bertrand H., Plassard C., Pinochet X., Touraine B., Normand P. and Cleyet-Marel J. C. 2000. Stimulation of the ionic transport system in Brassica napus by a plant growth- promoting rhizobiums (Achromobacter sp). Can. J. Microbiol. 46: 229- 36.

Beyerinck M. W. 1888. Die Bacterien der Papilionaceen-Knöllchen. Bot. Zeitung 46, 725- 804.

Beyerinck M. W. 1890. Künstliche Infection von Vicia Faba mit Bacillus radicicola. Ernährungsbedingungen dieser Bacterie. Bot. Zeitung. 52: 837-843.

Bezzate S., Aymerich S., Chambert R., Czarnes S., Berge O., Heulin T. 2000. Disruption of the Paenibacillus polymyxa levansucrase gene impairs its ability to aggregate soil in the wheat rhizosphere. Environ. Microbiol. 2: 333-342.

Bhagwat A. A., K. C. Gross R. E. Tully, and D. Keister. 1996. Glucan synthesis in Bradyrhizobium japonicum: characterization of a new locus (ndvC) influencing linkages. J. Bacteriol. 178: 4635-4642.

Références bibliographiques

Billeter R., Liira J., Bailey D., Bugter R., Arens P., Augenstein I., Aviron S., Baudry J., Bukacek R., Burel F., Cerny M., De Blust G., De Cock R., Diekotter T., Dietz H., Dirksen J., Dormann C., Durka W., Frenzel M., Hamersky R., Hendrickx F., Herzog F., Klotz S., Koolstra B., Lausch A., Le Coeur D., Maelfait J.P., Opdam P., Roubalova M., Schermann A., Schermann N., Schmidt T., Schweiger O., Smulders M.J.M., Speelmans M., Simova P., Verboom J., van Wingerden W.K.R.E. and Zobel M. 2008. Indicators for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: a pan-European study. Journal of Applied Ecology 45(1): 141-150.

Biswasun J. C., Ladhaun J.K. et F.B. Dazzo. 2000. Rhizobia inoculation Améliore nutrient uptake and growth of Lowland Rice Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:1644- 1650.

Bladergroen M.R and Spaink H.P. 1998. Genes and signal molecules involved in the rhizobia-Leguminoseae symbiosis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1(4): 353-359.

Blondeau R. 1980. Importance de la fixation de l'azote et méthodes de mesure. Fixation biologique de l'azote atmosphérique. Vuibert Paris. 38 : 5-9.

Boncompagni E., M. Osteras, M.C. Poggi, and D. Le Rudulier. 1999. Occurence of chomine and glycine betaine uptake and metabolisme in the family of rhizobiaceae and their roles in omoprotection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2072-2077.

Boonkerd R.J. 1991. Some factors influencing the growth and survival of the root nodule bacteria in peat culture. Journal of Applied Bacteriolgy 31: 295-265.

Bordeleau L. M. and D. Prevost. 1994. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in extreme environments. Plant Soil 161:115-124.

Borreani G., Roggero P.P., Sulas L. and Valente M. E. 2003. Quantifying morphological stage to predict the nutritive value in sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.). Agronomy journal 95: 1608-1617.

Botha W.J., Baftha J.B., Bloem J.F., Habig J.H. and Law I. J. 2004. Effect of soil bradyrhizobia on the success of soybean inoculant strain CB 1809. Microbiol Res. 159: 219-231.

Botsford L., and Lewis T. 1990. Osmoregulation in Rhizobium meliloti production of glutamic acid in response to osmotic stress. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 56: 488-494.

Bounejmate M., Buirchell B. J., Birouk A., Bouizgaren A. et Saïdi N. 1993. Distribution naturelle au Maroc de trois espèces de lupin en relation avec certains facteurs du milieu. Al Awamia. 84: 29-42.

Références bibliographiques

Breedveld M. W., Dijikema C., Zevenhuizen L. P. T. M., and A. J. B. Zehender. 1993. Response of intracellular carbohydrates to a NaCl shock in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA-1 and Rhizobium meliloti SU-47. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 3157-3163.

Breedveld M. W., Spaink H.P., Kondorosi A., Hooykaas J. J. and Miller K. J. 1998. Cell-surface â-glucans. In The Rhizobiaceae. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (eds.) The Netherlands, pp 81-96.

Bremner JM. 1965. Total nitrogen. Methods of Soil Analysis Chemical and Microbiological Properties part 2, American Society of Agronomy: Madison. 1149-1178.

Brhada F., Poggi M.C. and Le Rudulier D. 1997. Choline and Glycine betaine uptake in various strains of Rhizobia isolated from nodules of Vicia faba var. major and Cicer arietinum L.: Modulation by salt, choline and glycine betaine. Current Microbiol. 34: 167- 172.

Brockwell, J. et Whalley, M.D.B. 1962. Incorporation of peat inoculant in seed pellets of inoculation of Medicago tribloïdes, sown in to dry soils. Australian journal Science 24(11): 458-460.

Brockwell, J., A. Pilka, and Holliday R. A. 1991. Soil pH is a major determinant of the numbers of naturally-occurring Rhizobium meliloti in non-cultivated soils of New South Wales. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31: 211-219.

Brockwell J., Bottomley P. J, Thies J. E. 1995. Manipulation of rhizobia microflora for improving legume productivity and soil fertility. Plant Soil 174: 143-180.

Bromfield ESP., Lewis D. M. and Barran L. R. 1985. Cryptic plasmid and rifampin resistance in Rhizobium meliloti influencing nodulation competitiveness. J. Bacteriol. 164:410-413.

Broughton W. J. and Dilworth M. J. 1971. Control of leghaemoglobin synthesis in snake beans. Biochemical Journal 125:1075-1080.

Broughton W.J., Jabbouri S. and Perret X. 2000. Keys to Symbiotic Harmony. J.Bacteriol. 182(20): 5641-5652.

Brun A. 1980. Effets comparés de différentes concentrations de NaCl sur la germination, la croissance et la composition minérale de quelques populations de luzernes annuelles d'Algérie, Thèse de spécialité, U.S.T.L., Montpellier, France. 113 p.

Burgos P.A., Castellanos J., Mora Y., Mora J. 1999. Field inoculation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with high efficiency Rhizobium strains. In: Martinez E, Hernandez G (eds) Highlights of nitrogen fixation research. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 255-257.

Références bibliographiques

Buss M. D., Bottomley P. J. 1989. Growth and nodulation responses of Rhizobium meliloti to water stress induced by permeating and non permeating solutes. Appl. Environ. Micrbiol. 55: 431-2436.

Cabrera E., Villa A., Ruiz-Argüeso T. 1979. Diversidad y caracterizacion de la flora nativa de
rizobios que nodulan en zulla.VII Congreso National de Microbiologia.Cadiz. 294 p.

Cadisch G., Sylvester-Bradley R., Boller B. C. and Nösberger J. 1993. Effects of phosphorus and potassium on N2 fixation (15N-dilution) of field-grown Centrosema acutifolium and C. macrocarpum. Field Crops Research. 31: 329-340.

Cartoux G. et Lagacherie B. 1977. Méthodologies de sélection des souches de rhizobium. In Rapport final du contact de la recherche N°411, INRA Dijon. France.

Casella S., Gault R. R., Reynolds K. C., Dyson J. R., Brockwell J. 1984. Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia (Hedysarum coronarium L.) FEMS Microbiol. Letters 22: 37- 45.

Casella S., Shapleigh J.P., Toffanin A, Basaglia M. 2006. Investigation into the role of the truncated denitrification chain in R. sullae strain HCNT1. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34(1): 130-132.

Catroux G. and Amarger N. 1992. Rhizobia as soil inoculants in agriculture. In M. J.Day and J. C. Fry, (eds). Environmental Release of Genetically Engineered and other Micro organisms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-13.

Catroux G., Hartmann A. and Revellin C. 2001. Trends in rhizobial inoculant production and use. Plant and Soil 230: 21-30.

Chabot R., Antoun H., Kloepper J.W. and Beauchamp C.J. 1996. Root colonization of maize and lettuce by bioluminescent Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2767-2772.

Chaieb M., Floret C., Le Floch E. and Pontanier R. 1992. Life History strategies and water-resource allocation in 5 pasture species of the Tunisian arid zone. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 6: 1-10.

Chamalet A., Audergon J. M., Maître J. P. and Domenach A. M. 1987. Study of influence of potassium on the trifolium protense fixation by 15N method Plant and soil 98(9): 347- 352.

Chaves M. M. and Oliveira M. M. 2002. Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: prospects for water-saving agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany 55:2365- 2384.

Références bibliographiques

Chen H., Richardson A. E. and Rolfe B. G. 1993. Studies on the physiological and genetic basis of acid tolerance in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1798-1804.

Chen W.M., Laevens S., Lee T.M., Coenye T., De Vos P., Mergeay M. and Vandamme P. 2001. Ralstonia taiwanensis sp. nov. isolated fromm root nodules of Mimosa species and sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51: 1729-1735.

Chen W. X., Tan Z .Y., Gao J .I., Li Y. and Wang E. T. 1997. Rhizobium Hainanense sp. Nov. isolated from tropical legumes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 870-873.

Chen W. X., Wang E., Wang S., Li Y., Chen X. and Li Y.1995. Characterization of Rhizobium tianshanense sp. nov. a moderatly and slow growing root nodule bacterium isolated from arid saline environment in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 153-159.

Chen W X., Yang G H. and Li J L. 1988. Numerical taxonomic study of fast growing soybean rhizobia and a proposal that Rhizobium fredii be assigned to Sinorhizobium gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 392-397.

Chen J.L., Lin S. and Lin L. P. 2006. Rhizobial surface biopolymers and their interaction with lectin measured by atomic force microscopy. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22: 565- 570.

Chisci G.C., Bazzoffi P., Pagliai M., Papini R., Pellegrini S. and Vignozzi N. 2001. Association of sulla and atriplex shrub for the physical improvement of clay soils and environmental protection in central Italy Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84: 45-53.

Cingolani A.M., Noy-Meir I. and Díaz S. 2005. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15(2): 757-773.

Clatzle A, Schultc-Butenbrock T, Brockwell J. 1986. Symbiotic incompatibility between two forage species of Hedysarum, grown on Morocco and their homologous rhirobia. FEMS Microbiology Letters 3: 39-43.

Collavino M., Riccillo P.M., Grasso D.H., Crespi M., Aguilar OM. 2005. GuaB activity is required in Rhizobium tropici during the early stages of nodulation of determinate nodules but is dispensable for the Sinorhizobium meliloti - Alfalfa symbiotic interaction. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 18:742-750.

Corbière H.L.F. 2002. The importance of sucrose synthase for AM symbiosis in maize, in pea and in Medicago . Thèse de doctorat Andriankaja, 200p.

Références bibliographiques

Coutinho H.L.C., Oliveira V.M., Lovato A., Maia A.H.N. and Manfio G.P. 1999. Evaluation of diversity of rhizobia in Brazilian agricultural soils cultivated with soybeans. Appl. Soil Ecol 13: 159-167.

Cronk Q., Ojeda I. and Pennington R.T. 2006. Legume comparative genomics: progress in phylonenetics and phylogenomics. Current Opinion in plant biology 9: 99-103.

Crowley D.E., Wang Y.C., Reid C.P.P and Szansiszlo P.J. 1991. Mechanism of iron
acquisition from siderophores by microorganisms and plants. Plant Soil. 130:179-198.

Crowley D.E. and Kraemer S.M. 2007. Function of siderophores in the plant rhizosphere. p.73-109. In: Pinton R et al (eds) The rhizosphere, biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. CRC Press, FL.

Coventry D. R., Hirth J. R., Reeves T. G. and Jones H. R. 1985. Development of populations of Rhizobium trifolii and nodulation of subterranean clover following the cropping phase in crop-pasture rotation in southeastern Australia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17: 17- 22.

Dardanelli M., Angelini J. and Fabra A. 2003. A calcium-dependent bacterial surface protein is involved in the attachment of rhizobia to peanut roots. Canadian journal of microbiology 49: 399-405.

Dart P. J. 1975. Legume root nodule initiation and development. p. 467-506. In J. G. Torrey and D. T. Clarkson (ed.), The development and function of roots. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.

Dashti N., Zhang F., Hynes R.K., Smith D.L. 1998. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria accelerate nodulation and increase nitrogen fixation activity by field grown soybean Glycine max (L.) under short season conditions. Plant Soil. 200: 205-213.

Date R. A. 2000. Inoculated legumes in cropping systems of the tropics. Field Crops Research 65: 123-136.

Dazzo F. B. and Truchet G. L. 1884. Attachment of nitrogen fixing bacteria to roots of host plants. p. 65-99. In: N. S. Subba Roa, (ed). Current Developments in Biological Nitrogen Fixation.London: Edward Arnold Publishers.

Deakin WJ. And Broughton W.J. 2009. Opinion: symbiotic use of pathogenic strategies: rhizobial protein secretion systems. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7: 312-320.

De Bruijn F. J. 1992. Use of repetitive (repetitive extragenic palindromic and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) sequences and the polymerase chain reaction to fingerprint the genomes of Rhizobium meliloti isolates and other soil bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 2180-2187.

Références bibliographiques

De Lajudie P., Laurent-Fufele E., Willems A., Torck U., Coopman R., Collins M. D., Kersters K., Dreyfus B. and Gillis M. 1998a. Allorhizobium unicola gen. nov; sp. nov. nitrogenefixing bacteria that efficiently nodulate Neptuna natans in Senegal. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48: 1277-1290.

De Lajudie P., Willems A., Nick G., Moreira E., Molouba F., Hoste B., Torck U., Neyra M., Collins M. D., Lindstöm K, Dreyfus B. and Gillis M. 1998b. Characterization of tropical tree rhizobia and description of Mesorhizobium plurifarum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48: 369-382.

De Lajudie P., Willems A., Nick G., Mohamed SH, Torck U., Coopman R., Filali-Maltouf A., Kersters K., Dreyfus B., Lindström K. and Gillis M. 1999. Agrobacterium bv.1 strains isolated from nodules of tropical legumes. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 22: 119-132.

De Lajudie P., Willems A., Pot B., Dewettnick D., Maestrojuan G., Neyra M., Collins M. D., Dreyfus B., Kersters K. and Gillis M.. 1994. Poplyphasic taxonomy of rhizobia: emendation of the genus Sinorhizobium meliloti comb.nov., S. Saheli sp. nov. and Sinorhizobium terangae sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 715-733.

De Olivera L.A. and Graham P.H. 1990. Speed of nodulation and competitive ability among strains Rhizobium leguminosarum bv phaseoli. Arch. Microbiol. 153:311-315.

Deaker R.., Roughley R. J. and Kennedy I. R. 2004. Legume seed inoculation technology - a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 1275-1288.

Denarié et Truchet, 1979. Physiologie Végétale 17 (4): 643-667.

Denarié J., Debell E.F. and Prome J.C. 1996. Rhizobium lipo-chitooligosaccharide nodulation factors: signaling molecules mediating recognition and morphogenesis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 65: 503-535.

Denarié Prome J.C. and Broughton W.J. 1992. Broad-host-range Rhizobium species strain NGR234 secretes a family of carbamoylated, and fucosylated, nodulation signals that are O-acetylated or sulphated. Mol.Microbiol. 6: 3575-3584.

Denton M.D., Pearce D.J., Ballard R.A., Hannah M.C., Mutch, L.A., Norng S. and Slattery J.F. 2009. A multi-site field evaluation of granular inoculants for legume nodulation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 41: 2508-2516.

Deschamps M. et Wery J., 1985. Influence de l'eau et de l'azote sur la croissance et la nutrition azotée de 2 légumineuses à graines. p. 271-280. In Nutrition azotée des légumineuses. Les colloques de l'INRA.

DGPA. 2009. Note de service. Département des grandes cultures. Direction générale de la production agricole. Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l'Environnement et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisie.

Références bibliographiques

Dhane S. 2001. Elaboration et exécution du programme de lancement de la nouvelle variété de sulla Hedysarum coronarium L. « Bikra 21 ». Mémoire de fin d'études. Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie. 75p.

Dhane S. 2004 Tolérance au calcaire actif du couple symbiotique Rhizobium/Sulla. Mémoire de master. 92p.

Dianou D. et Thiombiano L. 1995. Variabilité de l'activité biologique des états de surface des sols de Katchari en milieu désertifi é au Burkina Faso. INERA. Documents techniques 39 p.

Douglas G.B., and Foote A.G. 1985. Dry matter and seed yield of Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.). N.Z. J. Exp. Agric. 13: 97-99.

Dreyfus B. L., Garcia J. L. and Gillis M. 1988. Characterization of Azorhizobium caulinodans gen. Nov; sp. Nov; a stem-nodulating nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from Sesbania rostrata. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 89-98.

Ducroq M. 1990. Les bases de l'Irrigation. Paris, 350 p.

Dupuy N., Willems A., Pot B., Dewettinck D., Vandenbruaene I., Maestrojuan G., Dreyfus B., Kersters K., Collins M. D. and Gillis M. 1994. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bradyrhizobia nodulating the leguminous tree Acacia albida. Int. J. Syst.Bacteriol. 44 : 461-473.

Duthil J. 1973. Eléments d'écologie et d'agronomie - Tome 2 - Collection des Ingénieurs des Techniques Agricoles. 265p.

Egamberdiyeva D., Isalm KR. 2008. Salt-tolerant rhizobacteria: plant growth promoting traits and physiological characterization within ecologically stressed environments. In:Ahmad I, Pichtel J, Hayat S (eds) Plant-bacteria interactions: strategies and techniques to promote plant growth. WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 257- 281.

El Amri I., 2001. Fiche technique du Sulla. Journée de lancement variétale du Sulla « Bikra 21 ». ESTER.

El Boutari N. 2009. Etude phénotypique et génotypique d'une collection de Sinorhizobium meliloti et de Rhizobium sullae. Thèse de doctorat en biologie. Université Mohammed VAgdal, Faculté des Sciences, Rabat. Available at : http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3635.

El Boutari N., Thami-Alami I., Zaïd, E. and Udupa S. 2009. Genotypic characterization of Indigenous Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium sullae by rep-PCR, RAPD and ARDRA analyses African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (6):979-985.

Références bibliographiques

El Mili, T.1983. Modification de la production de semences de la luzerne de Gabès par le bore et les insectes pollinisateurs. Mémoire du cycle de spécialisation de l'I.N.A. Tunisie, 130p.

El Sheikh E. A. and Wood M. 1989 a. Response of chickpea and soybean rhizobia to salt:
influence of carbon source, temperature and pH. Soil Biol. Bjochem., 21 : 883-887.

El-sheikh, E. A. E., and Wood M. 1989 b. Response of chickpea and soybean rhizobia to salt: osmotic and specific ions effects of salts. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 21: 889-895.

Embalomatis A., Papacosta D.K. et Katinakis P. 1994. Evaluation of Rhizobium meliloti strains isolated from indigenous populations in northern Greece. J. Agric. Crop. Sci. 172: 37-80.

Esseling J.J., Lhuissier FGP. and Emons AMC. 2003. Nod Factor-Induced Root Hair Curling: Continuous Polar Growth towards the Point of Nod Factor Application. Plant Physiology 132: 1982-1988.

Ewing M., Poole C., Skinner P. and Bennett A. 2001. Sulla and other forage species for southern Australia. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. 190 p.

Fares F. 1976. Contribution à l'étude du phosphore associé à la matière organique des sols. Th. Doct. Etat, INPL, 219 p.

Fauzia Y., Hafeeza, Sumera Y., Dini A., Mehboob u.R., Yusuf Z. and Kauser A. M. 2006 Plant growth-promoting bacteria as biofertilizer. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 26: 143-150

Ferguson L . and Lessenger J.E. 2006. Plant growth regulators. In: Lessenger JE (ed) Agricultural medicine. Springer, New York, pp 156-166

Fettell N.A, O'Connor, G.E., Carpenter,D.J., Evans,J., Bamflorth, I., Oyi-Boateng, C., Hebb, D.M. and Brockwell, J. 1997. Nodulations studies on legumes exotic to Australia : the influence of soil populations and inocula of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viciae on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by field peas. Appl. Soil Eccol. 5 :197-210.

Figueiredo M.V.B., Burity H.A., De França F.P. and Vilar J.J. 1998. Soil-water response in
cowpea at different development stages of N2 fixation. Agrochimica XLII: 200-207.

Figueiredo M.V.B., Vilar J.J., Burity H.A. and De França F.P. 1999. Alleviation water stress effects in cowpea by Bradyrhizobium spp. inoculation. Plant Soil. 207: 67-75.

Figueiredo M.V.B., Burity C.R. Martýnez, Chanway C. P. 2008 a. Alleviation of drought stress in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by co-inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Rhizobium tropici. Applied Soil Ecology 40:182 -188.

Références bibliographiques

Figueiredo M.V.B., Martinez C.R., Burity H.A. and Chanway C.P. 2008 b. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for improving nodulation and nitrogen fixation in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:1187-1193.

Fonder N., Heens B. and Xanthoulis D. 2010. Optimisation de la fertilisation azotée de cultures industrielles légumières sous irrigation Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 14: 103-111.

Forsberg L. S. and R. W. Carlson. 1998. The structures of the lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobium etli strains CE358 and CE359. The complete structure of the core region of R. etli lipopolysaccharides. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 2747-2757.

Foucher F. and Kondorosi E. 2000. Cell cycle regulation in the course of nodule organogenesis in Medicago. Plant Molecular Biology 43:773-786.

Fox Jennifer E. 2004. "Chemical communication menacées par les produits chimiques perturbant le système endocrinien. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 112, no. 6, 648-653.

Franche C., Lindstro·m K. and Elmerich C. 2009. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Plant Soil. 321:35-59.

Fujihara S., and Yoneyama T. 1993. Effects of pH and osmotic stress on cellular polyamine contents in the soybean rhizobia Rhizobium fredii p220 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum A 1017. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1104-1109.

Gage D. and Margolin W. 2000. Hanging by a thread: invasion of legume plants by rhizobia. Current Opinion in Microbiology 3(6): 613-7.

Gage D. J. 2004. Infection and invasion of roots by symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia during nodulation of temperate legumes» Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68(2): 280-300.

Gao J.L., Sun J.G., Li Y., Wang E.T. and Chen W.X. 1994. Numerical taxonomy and DNA relatedness of tropical rhizobia isolated from Hainan province, China. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 151-158.

Geurts R., Fedorova E. and Bisseling T. 2005. Nod factor signaling genes and their function in the early stages of Rhizobium infection. Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 8: 346-352.

Germida, J. J., Siciliano S. D., de Freitas J. R. and Seid A. M. 1998. Diversity of root-associated bacteria associated with held-grown canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 26: 43- 50.

Références bibliographiques

Ghidhaoui J., Ben Jeddi F., Dhane Fitouri S., Ben Ahmed H., Bizid E. et Drevon J.J. 2008. Effet de la salinité en milieu hydroponique sur le sulla inoculé par deux souches de Rhizobium sullae. In 13ème congrès de l'association africaine pour la fixation biologique de l'azote. 15-18 décembre 2008 Hammamet. Tunisie.

Giongo A., Ambrosini A. and Vargas L. K. 2008. Evaluation of genetic diversity of bradyrhizobia strains nodulating soybean Glycine max L. isolated from South Brazilian fields. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 38: 261-269.

Glatzle A., T. Schulte B. and Brockwell J. 1986. Symbiotic incompatibility between two forage species ofHedysarum, grown in Morocco, and their homologous rhizobia. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 30: 177-182.

Glenn A. R., and Dilworth M. J. 1994. The life of root nodule bacteria in the acidic underground. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 123:1-10.

Gobat JM., Aragno M. et Matthey W. 1998. Le sol vivant. Bases de pédologie, biologie des sols. pp 458-463. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes.

Gonzalez, E.M., Gordon, A.J., James, C.L. and Arrese-Igor, C. 1995. The role of sucrose
synthase in the response of soybean nodules to drought. J. Exp. Bot. 46: 1515-1523.

Gouffi K., Pica N., Pichereau V. and Blanco C. 1999. Disaccharides as a new class of non accumulating osmoprotectants for Sinorhisobium meliloti. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1491-1500.

Graham P H and Parker C A. 1964. Diagnostic features in characterization of the root-nodule bacteria of legumes. Plant and Soil 3: 383-396.

Graham P.H., Sadowsky M.J., Keyser H.H., Barnet Y.M., Bradley R.S., Cooper J.E.,Deley D.J., Jarvis B.D.W., RoslyCcky E.B., Strijdom B.W. and Young J.P.W. 1991. Proposed minimal standards for the description of new genera and species of root-and stemnodulating bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 582-587.

Graham P H., Draeger K, Ferrey M L., Conroy M J., Hammer B E., Martinez E., Naarons S R . and Quinto C. 1994. Acid pH tolerance in strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, and initial studies on the basis for acid tolerance of Rhizobium tropici UMR1899. Can. J. Microbiol. 40: 198-207.

Graham PH. 1998. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation. pp 325-347. In Sylvia D et al. eds. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. Prentice Hall, UK.

Graham P. H. et Vance C P. 2003. Legumes : Importance and constraints to Greater Use. Plant Physiol. 131: 872-877.

Références bibliographiques

Grundmann H. J., K. J. Towner, L. Dijkshoorn, P. Gerner-Smidt, M. Maher, H. Seifert, and M. Vaneechoutte. 1997. Multicenter study using standardized protocols and reagents for evaluation of reproducibility of PCR-based fingerprinting of Acinetobacter spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 3071-3077.

Guckert A. et Laperriere C., 1985. Effet du stress hydrique sur la fixation d'azote par le trèfle blanc. Nutrition azotée des légumineuses. Les colloques de l'INRA : 245-250.

Guignard J.L., Dupont F., 2005. Botanique. 13ème Edition Masson.Sprent : 164-179.

Gurfel D, Lobel R and Schiffmann J. 1982. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing activity and yield potential of inoculated Hedysarum coronarium in Israel. Isr. J. Bot. 31: 296-304.

Gutierrez-Mas JC. 1983. La Zulla. La reina de las forrajeiras de secano. Agricultura 11: 576- 677.

Hagedon C. 1978. Effectiveness of Rhizobium trifolii population associated with Trifolium subterraneum in south west oregon soil. Soil sci. Soc. 42, 447-451.

Handley B.A., Hedges A. J., Beringer J. E. 1998 Importance of host plants for detecting the population diversity of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viciae in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30 (2): 241-249.

Harrison S.P., Jones D.G. and Young J.P.W. 1989. Rhizobium population genetics: genetic variation within and between populations from diverse locations. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135: 1061-1069.

Hebbar K.P., Gueniot B., Heyraud A., Colin-Morel P., T. Heulin, Balandreau J. and Rinaudo M.1992. Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by rhizobacteria, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38 : 248-253.

Hellriegel H., and Wilfarth H. 1888. Untersuchungen über die stickstoffnahrung der gramineon und leguminosen. Beilageheft zu der ztschr. Ver Rübenzucker - Industrie Deutchen Reichs.

Herdina and J. H. Silsbury. 1989. Nodulation and early growth of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) as affected by strain of Rhizobium, NO3 2 supply, and growth temperature. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40:991-1001.

Heulin T. 2007. Une bactérie pour lutter contre le stress hydrique.CEA Techno(s) no 86.

Hiltbold A. E., Thurlow D. L. and Skipper H. D. 1980. Evaluation of commercial soybean inoculants by various techniques. Agronomy Journal 72: 675-681.

Hirsch A. M., Lum M. R. and Downie J. A. 2001. What makes the rhizobial-legume symbiosis so special? Plant Phisiol. 127: 1484- 1492.

Références bibliographiques

Hopkin W.G. 2003 . Physiologie végétale. Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille. Edition de boeck. pp.99-120.

Hu X.F., Chen J. and Guo J.F. 2006. Two phosphate-and potassium-solubilizing bacteria isolated from Tianmu Mountain. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22:983-990.

Huston M.A. 1994. Biological Diversity. The Coexistence of Species in changing landscapes, Cambridge University Press, 681 p.

Hynes R. K., Craig K. A., Covert D., Smith R. S. and Rennie, R. J. 1995. Liquid rhizobial inoculants for lentil and field pea. Journal of Production Agriculture 8: 547-552.

Imsande J. 1986. Inhibition of nodule development in soybean by nitrate or reduced nitrogen. J. Exp. Bot. 37: 348-355.

Isoi T., and Yoshida S. 1990. Growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean plants with seeds treated with kasugamycin. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr 36: 283-288.

Jahansooz M.R., Yunusa I.A.M., Coventry D.R., Palmer A.R. and Eamus D., 2007. Radiation- and water-use associated with growth and yields of wheat and chickpea in sole and mixed crops. European Journal of Agronomy 26: 275-282.

Jarvis B. D. W., Pankhurst C. E. and Patel J.J. 1982. Rhizobium loti, a new species of root nodule bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32: 378-381.

Jarvis B. D., van Berkum W. P., Chen W. X., Nour S., Fernandez M. P., Cleyet-Marrel J. C., and Gillis M. 1997. Transfet of Rhizobium loti, Rhizobium huakuii, Rhizobium ciceri, Rhizobium mediterraneum, and Rhizobium tianshanense to Mesorhizobium gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 895-898.

Jebara M., Drevon J.J., Aouani M.E. 2001. Effects of hydroponic culture system and NaCl on interactions between common bean lines and native Rhizobia from Tunisian soils. Agronomie 21: 601-605.

Jordan D.C. 1982. Transfer of Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1980 to 681 Bradyrhizobium gen. nov., a genus of slow-growing root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 32:136-139.

Jordan D.C. 1984. Rhizobiaceae. In: Kreig, N R (ed) Bergey's manuel of systematic Bacteriology 1: 234-256.

Journet E.P. 2004. symbioses racinaires. Fiche 4. L'agriculture peut-elle utiliser moins d'engrais . www .crdp-toulouse.fr.

Références bibliographiques

Judd AK, Schneider M., Sadowsky M.J. and De Bruijn F.J. 1993. Use of repetitive sequences

and the polymerase chain reaction technique to classify genetically related

Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1702-

1708.

Judd W.S., Campbell C.S., Jules Bouharmont., Kellogg E.A. et Stevens P. 2001. Botanique systématique : une perspective phylogénétique. Edition de boeck.

Juszczuk I.M., Wiktorowska A., Malusa, E. and Rychter A.M. 2004. Changes in the concentration of phenolic compounds and exudation induced by phosphate deficiency in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Soil 267:41-49.

Kaci Yahia A., Alain Heyraud B., Mohamed Barakat C and Thierry H. 2005. Isolation and identification of an EPS-producing Rhizobium strain from arid soil (Algeria): characterization of its EPS and the effect of inoculation on wheat rhizosphere soil structure Research in Microbiology 156: 522-531.

Kafkai U. 1991. Root growth under stress. In: Waisel Y., Eshel A. and Kafkafi U., eds. pp.375-391. Plant roots: the hidden half. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker.

Khan M.S., Zaidi A., Wani P.A., Ahemad M. and Oves M. 2009. Functional diversity among plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: current status. In: Khan MS, Zaidi A, Musarrat J (eds). pp 105-132. Microbial strategies for crop improvement. Springer, Germany.

Khan MS., Zaidi A., Ahemad M., Oves M, Wani PA. 2010. Plant growth promotion by phosphate solubilizing fungi- current perspective. Arch. Agro. Soil. Sci. 56:73-98.

Kijne, J.W. 1992. The rhizobium infection process. In: G. Stacey and R. H. Burris, (eds). pp.349-398. Biological Nitrogen Fixation. New York.

Kishinevsky B., Dipankar S. and Guang Y. 1996. Diversity of Rhizobia isolated from various Hedysarum species Plant and Soil 186: 21-28.

Kishinevsky B.D., Nandasena K.G., Yates R.J., Nemas C. and Howieson J.G. 2003. Phenotypic and genetic diversity among rhizobia isolated from three Hedysarum species: H. spinosissimum, H. coronarium and H. flexuosum. Plant Soil 251: 143-153.

Kinkema M., Scott P.T. and Gresshoff M. 2006. Legume nodulation: successful symbiosis through short and long distance signaling. Func. Plant Biol. 33:707-721.

Klimek S., Richter G., Kemmermann A., Hofmann M. and Isselstein J. 2007. Plant species richness and composition in managed grasslands: The relative importance of field management and environmental factors. Biological Conservation 134(4): 559-570.

Krasova-Wade T;, Diouf O., Ndoye I., Elimane-Sall C., Braconnier S. and Neyra M. 2006. Water-condition effects on rhizobia competition for cowpea nodule occupancy. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5: 1457-1463.

Références bibliographiques

Kucey R. M. N. 1989. The influence of rate and time of mineral N application on yield and N2 fixation by field bean. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69: 427-436.

Laguerre G., Courde L., Nouaim R., Lamy I., Revellin C., Breuil M.C. and Chaussod R. 2006. Response of rhizobial populations to moderate copper stress applied to an agricultural soil. Microbiol Ecol 52:426-435.

L'Taief B., Bouaziz S., Manasara Z.A., Hajji M. et Lachaal M. 2009. Effet de la fertilisation azotée, de l'inoculation par Rhizobium sp. et du régime des pluies sur la production et la teneur en azote du pois chiche. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 13 (4) :537- 544.

Labat J.N. 1996. Biogéographie, endémisme et origine des legumineuses papilionacées de Madagascar. Biogéographie de Madagascar: pp 95-108.

Laguerre G., Allard M. R., Revoy F. and Amarger N.1994. Rapid identification of rhizobia by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR- amplified 16S rRNA genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 56-63.

Laguerre G., Mavingui P., Allard M. R., Charnay M. P., Louvrier P., Mazurier S. I., RigottierGois L., and Amarger N. 1996. Typing of rhizobia by PCR DNA fingerprinting and PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of chromosomal and symbiotic gene regions: application to Rhizobium leguminosarum and its different biovars. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 : 2029-2036.

Lapeyronie A. 1982. "Les productions fourragères méditerranéennes: généralités, caractères
botaniques et biologiques". (Maisonneuve g. p et la rose, eds.). Paris, France, 425 p.

Larpent J.P., Larpent M.G. 1985. Manuel pratique de Microbiologe, Collection Hermann, Paris, France, p. 230.

Le Houerou H. N. 1965. Forage and fuel plants in the arid zone of north Africa, the near and the middle east: plants for arid lands. (G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin, et D. V. Fields, eds.) pp 117-119.

Le Roux X., Barbault R., Baudry J., Burel F., Doussan I., Garnier E., Herzog F., Lavorel S., Lifran R., Roger-Estrade J., Sarthou J.P. et Trommetter M. 2008. Agriculture et biodiversité. Valoriser les synergies.Expertise scientifique collective, synthèse du rapport, INRA, France.

Lerouge I., Laeremans T., Verreth C., Vanderleyden J., Van Soom C., Tobin A., and Lévêque C., Mounoulou J.C. 2001. Biodiversité, Dynamique biologique et conservation. Edition Dunod, Paris, 248p.

Li B., Perabekam S., Liu, G., YIin N., Song S. and Larson A. 2002. Experimental and bioinformatics comparison of gene expression between T cells from TIL of liver cancer and T cells from UniGene. Journal of Gastroenterology 37(4): 275-282.

Références bibliographiques

Limpens E. et Bisseling T. 2003. Signaling in symbiosis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6: 343-350.

Lindström K., Terefework Z., Suominen L., and Lortet G. 2002. Signalling and development of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. biology and environment: Royal I rish Academy 102 (1): 61-64.

Lindström K., Polkunen J. and Kansanen P. 1985. Effect of dinoseb on nitrogen fixation of red clover (Trifolium pratense). Soil Biol. Biochem. 17: 865-869.

Liu J., Wang E., Ren D. and Chen W. 2010. Mixture of endophytic Agrobacterium and Sinorhizobium meliloti strains could induce nonspecific nodulation on some woody legumes. Arch. Microbiol. 192: 229-234.

Llyod D., De Koning C., Hughes S., Johnson B.and McLachlan D. 2003. Solutions for a better environment. In Proceedings of the 11th Australian Agronomy conference, 2-6 Feb.2003, Geelong, Victoria. Australian society of Agronomy.

Lohar D., Stiller J., Kam J., Stacey G. and Gresshoff P.M. 2009. Ethylene insensitivity conferred by a mutated Arabidopsis ethylene receptor gene alters nodulation in transgenic Lotus japonicus. Ann. Bot. 104: 277-285.

Loper J.E. et Schroth M.N. 1986. Influence of bacterial sources of indole-3-acetic acid on root elongation of sugar beet. Phytopathology 76:386-389.

Lynch M.1990. The similarity index and DNA fingerprinting. Mol.Bio. Evol. 7: 478-484.

Macheix J.J., Fleuriet A. et Jay-allemand C. 2005. Les composés phénoliques des végétaux. Un exemple de métabolites secondaires d'importance économique. pp 67-70. Edition Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes. Lausanne.

Mallik M. A. B. and K. Tesfai. 1985. Pesticidal effect on soybean-rhizobia symbiosis. Plant Soil. 85: 33-41.

Mallik M. A. B. and Tesfai K. 1993. Compatibility of Rhizobium japonicum with commercial pesticides in vitro. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31:432-437.

Marghali S., Ghariani S., Marrakchi M. et Trifi-Farah N. 2003. Diversité génétique révélée par des marqueurs AFLP entre populations d'Hedysarum coronarium L. Fourrages 176 : 493-504.

Marie C., Broughton W.J.and Deakin W.J. 2001. Rhizobium type III secretion systems: legume charmers or alarmers? Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 4: 336-342.

Références bibliographiques

Martens M., Dawyndt P., Coopman R., Gillis M., De Vos P. and Willems A. 2008. Advantages of multilocus sequence analysis for taxonomic studies: a case study using 10 housekeeping genes in the genus Ensifer (including former Sinorhizobium). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58: 200-214.

Martens M., Delaere M., Coopman R., De Vos P., Gilli M. and Willems A . 2007. Multilocus sequence analysis of Ensifer and related taxa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57: 489-503.

Martýnez-Romero E. 2003. Diversity of Rhizobium-Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis: overview and perspectives. Plant Soil. 252:11-23.

Martiniello P. and Ciola A. 1994. The effect of agronomic factors on seed and forage production in perennial legumes sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and French honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronarium L.). Grass Forage Sci. 49: 121-129.

Martiniello P. 1998. "L'importanza della produzione sementiera della sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) in ambiente mediterraneo(eds)Studio Editoriale Fiorentino. pp117-120. Firenze, Italy.

Martiniello P., Laudadio V., Pinto V. et Ciruzzi B. 2000. Influence des techniques de culture sur la production du sulla et du sainfoin en milieu méditerranéen. Fourrages 161 : 53-59.

Masson-Boivin C., Giraud E., Perret X. and Batut J. 2009. Establishing nitrogen-fixing
symbiosis with legumes: how many rhizobium recipes? Trends Microbiol. 17:458-466.

Metson A.J., 1956. Methods of chemical analysis for soil survey samples. NZ Soil Bur Bull n°12.

Mezni M., Albouchi A., Bizid A. et Hamza M. 2002. Effet de la salinité des eaux d'irrigation sur la nutrition minérale chez trois variétés de luzerne pérenne (Medicago sativa L.). Agronomie 22: 283-291.

Mhadhbi H., Jebara M., Zitoun A., Limam F. and Aouani M.E. 2008. Symbiotic effectiveness and response to mannitol-mediated osmotic stress of various chickpea-rhizobia associations. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24: 1027-1035.

Mhamdi R., Jebara M., Aouani M.E., Ghrir R. et Mars M. 1999. Genotypic and symbiotic effectiveness of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown in Tunisian soils. Biol. Fertil. Soil. 28: 313-320.

Mhamdi R., Laguerre G., Aouani M.E, Mars M. and Amarger N. 2002. Different species and symbiotic genotypes of field rhizobia can nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Tunisian soils. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 41: 77-84.

Mnasri B., Aouani M.E. and Mhamdi R. 2007a. Nodulation and growth of common bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under water deficiency. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39: 1744-1750.

Références bibliographiques

Mnasri B., Mrabet M., Laguerre G., Aouani M.E. and Mhamdi R. 2007b. Salt-tolerant rhizobia isolated from a Tunisian oasis that are highly effective for symbiotic N2-fixation with Phaseolus vulgaris constitute a novel biovar (bv. mediterranense) of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Arch. Microbiol. 187: 79-85.

Mohammad R.M., Akhavan-Kharazian M., Campbel W.F. and Rumbaugh M.D. 1991. Identification of salt-and drought tolerant Rhizobium meliloti strains. Plant Soil. 134: 271-276.

Moore G., Sanford P. and Wiley T. 2006. Perennial pastures for Western Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bulletin 4690, Perth.

Moreira F. M. S., Gillis M., Pot B., Kersters K. and Franco A. A. 1993. Characterisation of rhizobia isolated from different groups of tropical leguminosae by comparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their total proteins. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 135- 146.

Mottareale G. 1898. Di alcuni organi particolari delle radici tubercolifere dello Hedysarum coronarium in relazione al Bacillus radicicola e alla Phytomyxa leguminosarum. Atti R. Ist. incoragg. Napoli. 11: 1-7.

Moulin L., Munive A., Dreyfus B. and Boivin-Masson C. 2001. Nodulation of legumes by members of the beta-subclass of Proteobacteria. Nature. 411: 948-950.

Mrabet M., Mnasri B., Laguerre G., Aouani M.E. and Mhamdi R. 2006. Agrobacterium strains isolated from root nodules of common bean specifically reduce nodulation by Rhizobium gallicum. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 56: 304-309.

Mrabet M., Mhamdi R., Tajini F., Tiwari R., Trabelsi M. and Aouani E.A. 2005. Competitiveness and symbiotic effectiveness of a R. gallicum strain isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris European Journal of Agronomy 22: 209-216.

Mulder L., Hogg B, Bersoult A, Cullimore JV. 2005. Integration of signaling pathways in the establishment of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Physiol. Plant 123: 207-218.

Muller S., Pereira P. A. A. and Martin P. 1993. Effect of different levels of mineral nitrogen on nodulation and N2 fixation of two cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant and Soil 152: 139-143.

Muller S. H. and Pereira P. A. A. 1995. Nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by mineral nitrogen supply at different growth stages. Plant and Soil 177, 55-61.

Munns D. N. 1977. Soil acidity and related factors. In J. M. Vincent, A. S. Whitney and J. Bose (eds.) pp. 211-236.

Références bibliographiques

Muresu R., Polone E., Sulas L., Baldan B., Tondello A., Delogu G., Cappuccinelli P., Alberghini S., Benhizia Y., Benhizia H., Benguedouar A., Mori B., Calamassi R., Dazzo F. B. and Squartini A. 2008. Coexistence of predominantly non culturable rhizobia with diverse endophytic bacterial taxa within nodules of wild legumes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 63: 383-400.

Murphy P.J., Heycke N., Banfalvi Z., Tate M.E., de Brujin F., Kondorosi A., Tempe J. and Schell J. 1987. Genes for the catabolism and synthesis of an opine-like compound in Rhizobium meliloti are closely linked on the Sym plasmid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 493-497.

Nannipieri P., Ciardi C., Plazzi T. and Badalucco L. 1990. Short-term nitrogen reaction following the addition of urea to a grass-legume association. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22: 549-553.

Nebout C. N., Bout-Roumazeilles V., Dormoy I. and Peyron O. 2009. Sécheresse récurrente en méditerranée au cours desw derniers 50 000 ans. Sécheresse 20 (2) : 210-6.

Neffati M., 1994. Caractérisation morphologique de certaines espèces végétales nordafricaines. Implications pour l'amélioration pastorale. Thèse de doctorat en sciences biologiques appliqués section agronomie .Université Gent. 264 pp.

Newcomb W., Sippell D. and Peterson R. L. 1979. The early morphogenesis of Glycine max and Pisum sativum root nodules. Can. J. Bot. 57: 2603-2616.

Nick G. and Lindström K. 1994. Use of repetitve sequences and the polymerase chain reaction to fingerprint the genomic DNA of Rhiobium galegae strains and to identify the DNA obtained by sonicating liquid cultures and root nodules. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 17: 265-273.

Niehaus K., Lagares A., and Pühler A. 1998. A Sinorhizobium meliloti lipopolysaccharide mutant induces effective nodules on the host plant Medicago sativa (alfalfa) but fails to establish a symbiosis with Medicago truncatula. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11: 906- 914.

Noel T.C., Sheng C., Yost K., Pharis R. P. and Hynes M. F. 1996. Rhizobium leguminosarum as plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium: Direct growth promotion of canola and lettuce, Can. J. Microbiol. 42 :279-283.

Nour S. M., Cleyet-Mar E. J. L. C., Norman D. P. and Fernande M. P. 1995. Genomic heterogeneity of strains nodulating Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and description of Rhizobium mediterraneum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 640-648.

O'Hara G. W., and Glenn A. R. 1994. The adaptive acid tolerance response in root nodule bacteria and Escherichia coli. Arch. Microbiol. 161: 286-292.

Références bibliographiques

Olsen S.R. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Cir. U.S. Dep. Agr . 939:1-19.

Oresnik I.J., Twelker S.and Hynes M.F. 1999. Cloning and characterization of a Rhizobium leguminosarum gene encoding a bacteriocin with similarities to RTX toxins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2833-2940.

Palmer K.M. and Young JPW. 2000. Higher diversity of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae populations in arable soils than in grass soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 2445 2450.

Parthipan S. and Kulasooriya S. A. 1989. Effect of nitrogen- and potassium-based fertilizers on nitrogen fixation in the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology 5(3): 335-341.

Patriarca E.J., Tate R., Ferraioli S. and Iaccarino M. 2004. Organogenesis of legume root nodules. Int. Rev. Cytol. 234: 201-62.

Pauwels, J. M., Van Ranst E. et Verloo M. 1992. Manuel de laboratoire de pédologie: méthodes d'analyse de sols et de plantes, équipement, gestion de stocks de verrerie et de produits chimiques Ed. AGCD. 265p.

Pawlowski K. and Bisseling T., 1996. Rhizobial and Actinorhizal Symbioses: What Are the Shared Features? Plant Cell. 8: 1899-1913.

Payakapong W., Tittabutr P., Teaumroong N., Boonkerd N., Singleton P.W. and Borthakur D. 2006. Identification of Two Clusters of Genes Involved in Salt Tolerance in Sinorhizobium sp. Strain BL3. Symbiosis 41: 47-51.

Pelmont J. 1995. Bactéries et environnement: Adaptation physiologique. Office des Publications Universitaires 2: 541-572.

Peoples M. B., Ladha J. K. and Herridge D. F. 1995. Enhancing legume N2 fixation through plant and soil management. Plant and Soil 174: 83-101.

Perret X., Staehelin C. and Broughton W.J. 2000. Molecular basis of symbiotic promiscuity. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64:180-201.

Perry J.J., Stalex J.T. et Lory S. 2004. Microbiologie cours et questions de revision. Edition Dunod. Paris. France.

Pierson L.S. and Pierson E.A. 2000. Microbial gossiping: signaling. In the rhizosphere proceedings of 5th PGPR Workshop.

Pinto P.A., Barradas G.J. and Tenreiro P.C. 1993. Growth analysis and chemical composition of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.). In: Proc. of the XVII International Rangeland Congress, New Zealand, pp. 587-589.

Références bibliographiques

Pinto Pereira P., Paiva E., Purcina H., Passos Magalhaes P.V. and Horta M.N. 2004. Caracterisation of rhizobia that nodulate arachis pintoi by RAPD analysis. Brazilian Journal of microbiology 35: 219-233.

Pointereau P. et Bisault L. 2007. La monoculture et ses dangers pour l'environnement, trente ans de paysages agricoles, Solagro.

http://www.solagro.org/site/im_user/206okles_dangers_de_la_monoculture1.pdf

Poschold P., Bakker J.P. and Kahmen S. 2005. Changing land use and its impact on biodiversity. Basic and Applied Ecology 6(2): 93-98.

Powell W., Machray G. and Provan J. 1996. Polymorphism revealed by simple sequence repeats. Trends Plant Sci. 1: 215-222.

Price N.P.J., Relic B., Talmon TF., Lewin A., Prome D., Pueppk G., Maillet F., Denarie J., Prome J.C. and Broughton W. J. 1992. Broad-host-range Rhizobium species strain NGR234 secretes a family of carbamoylated, and fucosylated, nodulation signals that are O-acetylated or sulphated. Mol. Microbiol. 6: 3575-3584.

Pueppke S. G. and Broughton W. J. 1999. Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 share exceptionally broad, nested host-ranges. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12 : 293-318.

Pugnaire F.I., Endolz L.S., Pardos J. 1994. Constraints by water stress on plantgrowth. In: Pessarakli, M. (Ed.) pp. 247-259. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.

Purcell L. C., and Sinclair T. R. 1990. Nitrogenase activity and nodule gas permeability response to rhizospheric NH3 in soybean. Plant Physiol. 92:268-272.

Rai R. 1983. The salt tolerance of Rhizobium strains and lentil genotypes and the effect of salinity on the aspects of symbiotic N-fixation. J. Agric. Sci. 100, 81-86.

Rao DLN, Giller K.E., Yeo A.R. and Flowers T.J. 2002. The effect of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Ann. Bot. 89: 563- 570.

Rasanen L. 2002. Biotic and abiotic factors infl uencing the development of N2-fixing symbioses between rhizobia and the woody legumes Acacia. Thèse de doctorat de l'université de Helsinki. Finlan Oldroyd. 220p.

Raven P. H., Evert R. F. et Eichlorn S. E. 2000. Biologie végétale. 6ème Edition de boeck, Paris.

Raza S., Jornsgard Abou-Taleb, B. H. and Christiansen J.L. 2001. Tolerance of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupini) strains to salinity, pH, CaCO3 and antibiotics. Letters in Applied Microbiology.

Références bibliographiques

Rennie R. J., and Dubetz S. 1984. Multistrain vs single strain Rhizobium japonicum inoculants for early maturing soybean cultivars: N-fixation quantified by 15N isotope dilution. Agron. J. 76 :498-502.

Ribeiro RA., Barcellos FG., Thompson F.L., Hungria M. 2009. Multilocus sequence analysis of Brazilian Rhizobium microsymbionts of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) reveals unexpected taxonomic diversity. Res. Microbiol. 160: 297-306.

Rinaudo M. 1992. Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by rhizobacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 248-253.

Rivas R., Laranjo M., Mateos P.F., Oliveira S., Martinez-Molina E. and Velazquez E. 2007. Strains of Mesorhizobium amorphae and Mesorhizobium tianshanense, carrying symbiotic genes of common chickpea endosymbiotic species, constitute a novel biovar (ciceri) capable of nodulating Cicer arietinum. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:412-418.

Robleto E.A., Kmiecik K., Oplinger E.S., Nienhuis J. and Triplett E.W. 1998. Trifolitoxin production increases nodulation competitiveness of Rhizobium etli CE3 under agricultural conditions. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 64:2630-2633.

Robson A.C. 1969. Competition between effective and infective strains of Rhizobium trifolii in the nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum. Australian Journal of agricultural research. 20 (5): 827-849.

Robson A. D. and Bottomley P. J. 1991. Limitations in the use of legumes in agriculture and forestry, p. 320-349. In M. J. Dilworth and A. R. Glenn (ed.), Biology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Rondia G., Deker A., Jabbar M. et Antoine A. 1985. Produire plus de grains et de lait en Afrique du nord. Projet ferme modèle de Frétissa: rapport final. Publications agricoles n: 5. Ministère de l'Agriculture de Tunisie et Administration Générale de la Coopération au Développement Belge. Bruxelles. 389 p.

Saadallah, K; Drevon J.J. et Abdelly C. 2001. Nodulation et croissance nodulaire chez le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) sous contrainte saline. Agronomie 21 : 627-634. INRA, EDP Sciences.

Sadowsky MJ. 2000. Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation: a model system for analysis of a biological process, Horizon Scientific Press In: E.W. Triplett (Ed.), Wymondham. p 279- 293.

Sadowsky MJ. 2005. Soil stress factors influencing symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In: Werner D, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen fixation in agriculture, forestry, ecology, and the environment. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 89-112.

Références bibliographiques

Saleena, L. M., Loganathan, P., Rangarajan, S. and Nair, S. 2001. Genetic diversity of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Arachis hypogea. Can. J. Microbiol. 47 : 118-122.

Sanaa, M. 1993 Dynamique et bilan de l'azote minéral dans quelques sols calcaires en Tunisie. Thèse de Doctorat. Université de Gent, Belgique. 175p.

Sanaa, M., Robebez, M., 1986. Prise d'échantillons et analyse du sol. Séminaire sur la fertilisation.

Sanchez-Diaz M., Aguirreolea J., Goicochea N. and Antolin M.C. 1995. Limitation de la Fixation symbiotique d'azote et autres aspects physiologiques des légumineuses des zones méditerranéennes. In : Actes du colloque, Facteurs limitant la fixation symbiotique de l'azote dansle bassin méditerranéen, 6-8 avril 1994, Montpellier, France. Paris : INRA.

Sanginga N., Wirkom L. E., Okogun A., Akobundu I. O., Carsky R. J. and Tian G. 1996. Nodulation and estimation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by herbaceous and legumes in Guinea savanna in Nigeria. Biol. Fertil. Soils 23:441-448.

Santos M.A., Nicola's M.F. and Hungria M. 2006. Identification of QTL associated with the symbiosis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. elkanii and soybean. Pesq. Agrop. Bras. 41: 67-75.

SAS Institute Inc. 1996. SAS/STAT Software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.11 Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schaller B., Nemecek T., Streit B., Zihlmann U., Chervet A. and Sturny W.G. 2007. Bilan écologique comparatif du semis direct et du labour Revue Suisse d'Agriculture 39 (2): 73- 79.

Scherer H.W. and Lange A. 1996. N2 fixation and growth of legumes as affected by sulphur fertilization. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 23: 449-453.

Scherer H.W., Pacyna S. and Spoth K.R. 2008. Low levels of ferrodoxin, ATP and leghaemoglobin contribute to limited N2 fixation in peas (Pisum sativum L.) and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) under S deficiency conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils 44: 909-916.

Schlöter M., Wiehe W., Assmus B., Steindl H., Becke H., Hoflich G. and Hartmann A. 1997. Root colonization of different plants by plant-growthpromoting Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii R39 studied with monospecific polyclonal antisera, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 2038-2046.

Selenska-Pobell S., Evguenieva-Hackenberg E., Radeva G. and Squartini A. 1996. Characterization of Rhizobium `hedysari' by RFLP analysis of PCR-amplied rDNA and by genomic PCR fngerprinting. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 80: 517-528.

Semadeni A. 1976. Le sulla en Tunisie. 741p.

Références bibliographiques

Serraj R., Vadez V. et Sinclair T. 2001. Feedback regulation of symbiotic N2 fixation under drought stress. Agronomie 21: 621-626.

Shaharoona B., Arshad M. et Zahir Z.A. 2006. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase on maize (Zea mays L.) growth under axenic conditions and on nodulation in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:155-159.

Shahzad M.S., Khalid A., Arshad M., Khalid M. and Mehboob I. 2008. Integrated use of plant growth promoting bacteria and P-enriched compost for improving growth, yield and nodulation of chickpea. Pak. J. Bot. 40:1735-144.

Shamseldin A., Nyalwidhe J., Werner D. 2006. A proteomic approach towards the analysis of salt tolerance in Rhizobium etli and Sinorhizobium meliloti strains. Curr. Microbiol. 52: 333-339.

Sharma H.C., Sharma K.K. and Crouch J.H. 2004. Genetic transformation of crops for insect resistance: Potential and limitations. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 23:47-72.

Shoushtari N.H. and Pepper I.L. 1985. Mesquite rhizobia isolated from the Sonoran desert: physiology and effectiveness. Soil Biol Biochem 17: 797-802.

Simms E.L and Taylor D.L. 2002. Partner Choice in Nitrogen-Fixation Mutualisms of Legumes, and Rhizobia1. Comp. Biol. 42: 369-380.

Sinclair T.R., Purcell L.C., Vadez V. and Serraj R., 2001. Selection of soybean (Glycine max) lines for increased tolerance of N2 fixation to drying soil. Agronomie 21: 653-657.

Slattery J. F., Coventry D. R. and Slattery W. J. 2001. Rhizobial ecology as affected by soil environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41: 289-298.

Slim S., 2004. Amélioration fourragère et protection des terres par le Sulla "Bikra21" dans les gouvernorats de Zaghouan et de Siliana. Projet de Fin d'Etudes. INAT. 81p.

Slim S., 2011. Protection des sols en zones montagneuses du Nord de la Tunisie par le sulla du nord Hedysarum coronarium L. Secheresse. (In press)

Sneath P. H. A. and Sokai R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. The principles and practice of numerical classification. V. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA.

Solano B. R., Maicas J. B. and Mahero F. J. G. 2008. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). pp 41-52. In: Ahmad I, Pichtel J, Hayat S (eds) Plant bacteria interactions: strategies and techniques to promote plant growth. Wiley, Weinheim, Germany.

Somasegaran P. and Hoben H. J. 1994. Handbook for Rhizobia: Methods in legume-Rhizobia technology. In Springer-Verlag. New York. 450 p.

Références bibliographiques

Soussi M., Ocana A. and Lluch C. 1998. Effects of salt stress on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 49: 1329-1337.

Spaink H. P., Wijffelman C. A., Pees E., Okker R. J. H., and Lugtengerg B. J. J. 1987. Rhizobium nodulation gene nodD as a determinant of host specificity. Nature. 328:337- 340.

Spaink H.P. 2000 .Root nodulation and infection factors produced by rhizobial bacteria. Annus.Rev. Microbiol. 54: 257-88

Spehn E. M., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Hector A., Caldeira M. C., Dimitrikopoulus P. G., Finn J. A., Jumpponen A., O'Donnovan G., Pereira J. S., Schulze E. D., Troumbis A.Y. and Körner C. 2002. The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross-European study of grassland biomass nitrogen. Oikos 98: 205-218.

Sprent J. I. 1981. Nitrogen fixation. In: Paleg L.G. & Aspinall D., eds. The physiology and biochimistry of drought resistance in plants. Sydney, Australia Academic Press. pp131- 151.

Sprent J.I., 1995. Legume trees and shrubs in the tropics: N2 fixation in perspective. Soil Biol. Biochem 27: 401-407.

Squartini A., Dazzo F. B., Casella S. and Nuti M. P. 1993. The root nodule symbiosis between Rhizobium `hedysari' and its drought-tolerant host Hedysarum coronarium. Symbiosis 15: 227-238.

Squartini A., Struffi P., Do-ring H., Seleska-Pobell S., Tola E., Giacomini A., Vendramin E., Velazquez E., Mateos P. F., Martinez-Molina E., Dazzo F. B., Casella S. and Nuti M. P. 2002. Rhizobium sullae sp. nov. (formerly Rhizobium hedysari): The root-nodule microsymbiont of Hedysarum coronarium L. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52: 1267-1276.

Stephens J. H. G. and Rask H. M. 2000. Inoculant production and formulation Field crops Res. 65: 249-258.

Streit W. R., Joseph C.M. and Philips D. A. 1996. Biotin and other water-soluble vitamins are key growth factors for alfalfa root colonization by Rhizobium meliloti 1021. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 9 :330-338.

Stringi L. et Amato G. 1998. La Sulla nell'ambiente siciliano: utilizzazione e prospettive di valorizzazione. I Georgofili, Firenze.

Struffi P., Corich V., Giacomini A., Benguedouar A., Squartini A., Casella S. and Nuti M. P. 1998. Metabolic proprieties, stress tolerance and macromolecular profiles of rhizobia nodulating Hedysarum coronarium. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84: 81-89.

Références bibliographiques

Sturz A.V., Carter M.R. and Johnston A.W. 1997. A review of plant disease, pathogen interactions and microbial antagonism under conservation tillage in temperate humid agriculture. Soil Till. Res. 41: 169-189.

Sulas L. 2006. La sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.): foraggera per ambient marginali o specie strategicca? pp. 19-28.In Atti del III convegno internazionale: l'ossidiana del Monte Arci nel Mediterraneo, Pau Manias, Italia.

Sulas L., Seddaiu G., Muresu R. et Roggero P.P. 2009. Fixation de l'azote du sulla en conditions méditerranéennes. Agronomy Journal 101: 1470-1478.

Sultan T., Aslam M., Mahmood I.A., Ahmad S. and Zahid M.A. 2002. Growth and yield response of chickpea (Cicer arientinum) to various rhizobium strains fertilized with different phosphorus levels. International Journal of agriculture Biology 2: 89-91.

Sy A, Giraud E, Jourand P, Garcia N, Willems A, de Lajudie P, Prin Y, Neyra M, Gillis M, Boivin-Masson C and Dreyfus B. 2001. Methylotrophic Methylobacterium bacteria nodulate and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. J. Bacteriol. 183: 214-220.

Tak T., van Spronsen P. C., Kijne J.W., van Brussel A. A. N. and Kees Boot J. M. 2004. Accumulation of lipochitin oligosaccharides and NodD-activating compounds in an efficient plantRhizobium nodulation assay. Mol. Plant. Interac. 17: 816-823.

Talamucci P., Staglianò N., Sabatini S. I. et Georgofili Q. 1998. La zulla: possibili ruoli nella foraggicoltura mediterranea, pp 7-28. Studio Editoriale Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.

Taller B. J. et Wong T. Y. 1989. Cytokinins in Azotobacter vinelandii culture medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55 : 266-267.

Thami-Alami I. et El Mzouri E. D. 2000. Etude de l'efficacité et de la persistance des souches de rhizobium de Sulla. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes. CIHEAM 15: 321-325.

Thami-Alami I. Papineau J., Huyghe C. and Al Faiz C. 2004. Collection of the genus Lupinus in Morocco Dans le développement des cultures fourragères; une nécessité pour améliorer les productions animales et atténuer la degradation des resources naturelles, INRA Proceeding. Mars 2004. INRA. Rabat.

Thies J. E., Singleton P. W. and Bohloo1 B. B. 1991. Influence of the size of indigenous rhizobial populations on establishment and symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia on field-grown legumes. App. Environ. Microbio1. 57: 19-28.

Thiombiano L. et Dianou D. 1999. Activité biologique globale dans trois états de surface des sols sahéliens. A.U.O, série B VII, pp. 179-187.

Thompson J. A. 1988. Survival of root-nodule bacteria on inoculated seed. pp:67-80.In: Murrell WG,Kennedy IR, eds, Microbiology in action, Research Studies Press Letchworth.

Références bibliographiques

Tibaoui G. 1986. Amélioration de la production des légumineuses fourragères par l'inoculation et la fertilisation. Mémoire de fin d'études du cycle de spécialisation de l'INA Tunisie, 156p.

Tibaoui G. et Zouaghi M. 1989. Rôle de l'inoculation dans l'amélioration des rendements des légumineuses fourragères dans la région de Mateur. Revue de l'I.N.A.T 4 : 2.

Tighe S. W., Amarger N., Squartini A. and Jarvis, B. D. W. 1994. Identification of new and emerging species of Rhizobium using cellular fatty acid analysis. pp23-27. In Abstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology May 1994, Las Vegas, NV, USA.

Timmers A.C.J., Soupene E., Auriac M.C., De Billy F., Vasse J., Boistard P. and Truchet G. 2000. Saprophytic intracellular rhizobia in alfalfa nodules. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 13: 1204-1213.

Toffanin A., Wu Q., Maskus M., Casella S., Abruna H. D. and Shapleigh J. P. 1996. Characterization of the gene encoding nitrite reductase and the physiological consequences of its expression in the nondenitrifying Rhizobium `hedysari' strain HCNT1. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 62 :4019-4025.

Tortora G.J., Funk B.R. and Case C.L. 2003. Introduction à la microbiologie. Edition du Renouveau Pédagogique Inc. 945p.

Trabelsi D., Mengoni A., Aouani M.E., Bazzicalupo M. and Mhamdi R. 2010. Genetic diversity and salt tolerance of Sinorhizobium populations from two Tunisian soil. Ann Microbiol. 60 : 541-547.

Trifi-Farah N., Chatti W. S., Marrakchi M., et Pernest J. 1989. Analyse de la variabilité morphologique et enzymatique des formes cultivées et spontanées de Hedysarum coronarium L. en Tunisie. Agronomie 9 : 591- 598.

Trifi-Farah N., Baatout H., Boussaid M., Combes D., FigierJ., Hannachi-Salhi A. et Marrakchi M. 2002. Evaluation des ressources génétiques des espèces du genre Hedysarum dans le bassin méditerranéen. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 130: 1-6.

Triplett E. and Sadowsky M. 1992. Genetic of competition for nodulation for nodulation of legumes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 46: 399-428.

Tscharntke T., Bommarco R., Clough Y., Crist T.O., Kleijn D., Rand T. A., Tylianakis J. M., van Nouhuys S. and Vidal S. 2007. Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale. Biological Control 43(3): 294-309.

Tzedakis P. C. 2005. Towards an understanding of the response of southern Euroean vegetation to orbital and suborbital climate variability. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24:1585-99.

Références bibliographiques

Vadez V., Rodier F., Payre H. and Drevon J. J. 1996. Nodule permeability to O2 and nitrogenase-linked respiration in bean genotypes varing in the tolerance of N2 fixation to P deficiency. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 34: 871-878.

Van Berkum P. and Eardly B.D. 2002. The aquatic budding bacterium Blastobacter denitrificans is a nitrogen fixing symbiont of Aeschynomene indica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 1132-1136.

Van Berkum P., Elia P. and Eardly B.D. 2006. Multilocus sequence typing as an approach for population analysis of Medicago-nodulating rhizobia. J. Bacteriol. 188:5570-5577.

Van Berkum P., Beyene D. and B. D. Eardly. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among Rhizobium species nodulating the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 240-244.

Van de Wiel C., Scheres B., Franssen H., Van Lierop MJ., Van Kammen A. and Bisseling T. 1990. The early nodulin transcript ENOD2 is located in the nodule parenchyma (inter cortex) of pea and soybean nodules.EMBO Journal 9:1-7.

Vance E.D., Brookes P.C. and Jenkinson D.S. 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biology et Biochemistry 19: 703-707.

Varin S., Lemauviel-Lavenant S., Cliquet J.B., Diquelou S., Padraic T. and MichaelsonYeates T. 2009. Functional plasticity of Trifolium repens L. in response to sulphur and nitrogen availability. Plant Soil. 317: 189-200.

Velazquez E., Garcýa-FraileP., Ramýrez-Bahena M.H., Rivas R. and Martýnez-Molina E. 2010. Bacteria Involved in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Symbiosis: Current Taxonomic Perspective. M.S. Khan et al. (eds.). Microbes for Legume Improvement. Springer-Verlag Wien. Germany. DOI 10.1007/978-3-211-99753-6.

Versalovic, J., T. Koeuth, and Lupski J. R. 1991. Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 6823-6831.

Vessey J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil. 255: 571- 586.

Vincent J. M. 1970. A manual for practical study of root nodule bacteria. IBP Handbook 15. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Vincent Y. H. 1982. Nitrogen fixation in legumes. Ed. Academic / Res. Australia. 1-11.

Vinuesa P., Neumann-Silkow F., Pacios-Bras C., Spaink H.P., Martinez-Romero E. and Werner D. 2003. Genetic analysis of a pH-regulated operon from Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 involved in acid tolerance and nodulation competitiveness. Mol. PlantMicrobe Interact. 16:159-168.

Références bibliographiques

Vinuesa P., Rojas-Jime'nez K., Contreras-Moreira B, Mahn S.K., Prasad B.N., Moe H., Selvaraju SB., Thierfelder H. and Werner D. 2008. Multilocus sequence analysis for assessment of the biogeography and evolutionary genetics of Four Bradyrhizobium species that nodulate soybeans on the asiatic continent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 6987-6996.

Vlassak K.M. and Vanderleyden J. 1997. Factors influencing nodule occupancy by inoculant rhizobia. Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 16:163-229.

Vriezen JAC., De Bruijn F.J. and Nusslein K. 2006. Desiccation responses and survival of Sinorhizobium meliloti USDA 1021 in relation to growth phase, temperature, chloride and sulfate availability. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:172-178.

Vriezen JAC., De Bruijn F.J. and Nusslein K. 2007. Responses of rhizobia to desiccation in relation to osmotic stress, oxygen and temperature. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:3451- 3459.

Wadoux P. 1991. Inoculant production in industry using sterile carriers. In: V. A. Thompson, (ed). Expert Consultation on Legume Inoculant Production and Use. Rome: FAO

Watson M.J. 1982. Hedysarum coronarium, a legume with potential for soil conservation and forage. N. Z. J. Agric. Sci. 16: 189-193.

Watt M.M., McCully M.E. and Jeffree C.E. 1993. Plant and bacterial mucilages of the maize rhizosphere: Comparison of their soil binding properties and histochemistry in a model system, Plant Soil 151: 151-165.

Wayne L.G., Brenner D.J., Colwell R.R., Grimont P.A.D., Kandler P. Krichevsky M.I., Moore L.H., Moore L.H., Murray R. G. E., Stackebrandt E., Starr M. P. and Trüper H. G. 1987. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 463-464.

Weisburg W. G., Barns S.M., Pelletier D.A., Lane D.J. 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriology 173: 697-703.

Welsh D. T. 2000. Ecological significance of compatible solute accumulation by micro-
organisms: from single cells to global climate. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24: 263-290.

Werner D. 1992. Symbiosis of plants and microbes. Edition chapman and Hall.Germany.Burton 1985.

Willems A. and Collins M. D. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of rhizobia and agrobacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 305-315.

Williams P. M. and De Mallorca M. S. 1984. Effect of osmotically induced leaf moisture
stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of Glycine max. Plant Soil. 80: 267-283.

Références bibliographiques

Woronin M. S. 1866. Über die bei der Schwarzerle (Alnus glutinosa) und bei der gewöhnlichen Gartenlupine (Lupinus mutabilis) auftretenden Wurzelanschwellungen. Mémoires de l'Academie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, VII Series, vol. X.

Yadav N. K. and Vyas S. R. 1973. Salt and pH tolerance of rhizobia. Folia Microbiologica 18: 242-247.

Yanagi M., and Yamasato K. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Rhizobiaceae and related bacteria by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene using PCR and DNA sequence. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107: 115-120.

Yang J., Kloepper J. W. and Choong-Min R. 2009. Rhizosphere bacteria help plants tolerate abiotic stress. Trends Plant. Sci. 14:1-4.

Young C. C. and Cheng K. T. 1998. Genetic diversity of fast and slow-growing soybeaan rhizobia determineted by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 26: 254-256.

Young J. M., Kuykendall L. D., Martinez-Romero E., Kerr A. and Sawada H. 2001. A revision of Rhizobium Frank 1889, with an emended description of the genus, and the inclusion of all species of Agrobacterium Conn 1942 and Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. (1998) as new combinations: Rhizobium radiobacter, R. rhizogenes, R. rubi, R.undicolaand R. vitis . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 51: 89-103.

Zablotowicz R. M. and D. D. Focht. 1981. Physiological characteristics of cowpea rhizobia evaluation of symbiotic efficiency in Vigna unguiculata. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41: 679-685.

Zahran H. H. 1986. Effect of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on rhizobial root hair infection, root nodule structure and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Vicia faba L. plants. Ph.D.thesis. Dundee, Scotland: Dundee University.

Zahran H. H. 1999. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63: 968-989.

Zahran H H. 2001. Rhizobia from wild legumes: diversity, taxonomy, ecology, nitrogen fixation and Biotechnology. J. Biotechnol. 91: 143-153.

Zahran H. H., Sprent J. I. 1986. Effects of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on root-hair infection and nodulation of Vicia faba L. plants by Rhizobium leguminosarum. Planta 167: 303-309.

Zahran H H,, Rasanen L A., Karsisto M. and Lindström K. 1994. Alteration of lipopolysaccharide and protein profiles in SDS-PAGE of rhizobia by osmotic and heat stress.World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 100-105.

Références bibliographiques

Zahran H. H., Mohammad E. M., Emam M. M. and Ismael S. S., 1997. The chemical

composition, structure, and ultrastructure of a halotolerant rhizobia isolated from Egypt.

In: Proceedings of the 9th Microbiology Conference, 25-27 March, pp. 121-148, Cairo,

Egypt.

Zahran H.H., Abdel-Fattah M., Ahmad M.S. and Zaki A.Y. 2003. Polyphasic taxonomy of symbiotic rhizobia from wild leguminous plants growing in Egypt. Folia Microbiol. 48:510-520.

Zaidi A., Khan M.S, Ahemad M. and Oves M. 2009. Plant growth promotion by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 56: 263-284.

Zengeni R., Mpepereki S., Giller K. E. 2006. Manure and soil properties affect survival and persistence of soyabean nodulating rhizobia in smallholder soils of Zimbabwe. Appl.Soil Ecol. 32: 232-242.

Zhang X. X., Harper R., Karsisto M. and Lindström K. 1991. Diversity of Rhizobium bacteria isolated from root nodules of leguminous trees. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 104-113.

Zhao F.J., Wood A.P., McGrath S.P. 1999. Effects of sulphur nutrition on growth and nitrogen fixation of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Soil. 212: 209-219.

Zombre P. N. 2006. Variation de l'activité biologique dans les zipella (sols nus) en zone subsahélienne du Burkina Faso et impact de la technique du zaï (techniques des poquets) Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 10 (2) :139- 148.

Zouaghi M. 2001. Rôle du sulla du nord (Hedysarum coronarium L.) dans les systèmes de culture selon les principes de base d'une agriculture durable. Journée d'étude sur les nouveautés dans la recherche. 5 Avril 2001: l'amélioration du sulla local comme source durable pour l'alimentation animale. INAT- CCSPS. Medjez El Bab. Tunisie..

Zuanazzi J. A. S., Clergeot P. H., Quirion J.-C., Husson H. P., Kondorosi A., and Ratet P. 1998. Production of Sinorhizobium meliloti nod gene activator and repressor flavonoids from Medicago sativa roots. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:784-794.

précédent sommaire suivant






Bitcoin is a swarm of cyber hornets serving the goddess of wisdom, feeding on the fire of truth, exponentially growing ever smarter, faster, and stronger behind a wall of encrypted energy








"I don't believe we shall ever have a good money again before we take the thing out of the hand of governments. We can't take it violently, out of the hands of governments, all we can do is by some sly roundabout way introduce something that they can't stop ..."   Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992) en 1984