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Les troubles cognitifs au cours de l'infection par le VIH-1

( Télécharger le fichier original )
par Sandra Suarez
Université Paris VI - Doctorat 2000
  

précédent sommaire

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4.3. Résultats

Les caractéristiques générales des 137 patients traités par combinaisons thérapeutiques sont montrés dans les annexes $8 et $9. Sur les 81 patients qui survivaient, 47 % étaient autonomes dans la vie quotidienne, 28% étaient à leur domicile mais nécessitaient une aide médicale ou paramédicale et 25 % étaient institutionnalisés.

La survie et le handicap fonctionnel n'étaient liés ni à l'âge, ni au taux de lymphocytes CD4, ni à la charge virale. La survie était en revanche liée à l'index nutritionnel (NRI), au score de Karnowsky et au score EAVQ. Les variables qui contribuaient le plus à un risque de décès étaient l'encéphalite du VIH, la toxoplasmose cérébrale, la LEMP et la cachexie. Les variables qui contribuaient le plus à une dépendance étaient la toxoplasmose cérébrale, la LEMP et les « autres atteintes neurologiques ». Les résultats étaient similaires dans le sous-groupe de patients ayant répondu au questionnaire de Lawton et Brody. Le score EAVQ chez les patients traités par combinaisons thérapeutiques n'était lié ni à l'âge, ni au taux de lymphocytes CD4, à la charge virale ou au NRI. Il était, en revanche, lié au score de Karnowsky, et inversement lié à la durée de suivi.

4.4. Conclusions

Dans cette étude, nous avons confirmé les résultats de la littérature sur l'augmentation du taux de survie chez les patients ayant des affections neurologiques liées au SIDA (24.7% des patients hospitalisés dans le service ont survécu avant l'introduction des combinaisons thérapeutiques et 57.9% après leur instauration). L'encéphalite du VIH, la LEMP, la toxoplasmose cérébrale, l'infection neurologique par le CMV, la cachexie et les infections opportunistes étaient associés à un plus mauvais pronostique. Le facteur nutritionnel apparaissait plus important dans la survie des patients traités par combinaisons thérapeutiques que ne l'étaient le taux de lymphocytes CD4 ou la charge virale.

Cependant, seuls 47% des patients n'avaient pas de handicap dans leur vie quotidienne. 28% nécessitaient une aide à domicile et étaient institutionnalisés. Les facteurs intervenant le plus dans le handicap étaient la LEMP, la toxoplasmose cérébrale, le score NRI et le score de Karnowsky. Le score EAVQ étaient inversement liés à la durée de suivi. Deux hypothèses pourraient l'expliquer: soit une amélioration progressive ultérieure à la sortie des patients, soit un meilleure pronostic chez les patients dont la complication neurologique était récente, en raison de l'amélioration de la qualité des soins. Seul un suivi longitudinal permettrait de trancher.

En conclusion, dans cette étude de patients atteint des principales affections neurologiques liées à l'infection par le VIH, la moitié des patients survivent avec un handicap quotidien. Ces résultats montrent clairement la nécessité d'anticiper sur les besoins de ces patients en termes médicaux et paramédicaux ( de rééducation notamment) et de prévoir d'important efforts pour améliorer leur vie quotidienne.

VI. CONCLUSION

Nous avons étudié les troubles cognitifs des patients infectés par le VIH, leur évolution depuis l'apparition des combinaisons thérapeutiques modernes et les paramètres neurobiologiques qui interviennent dans ces troubles. Nous nous sommes ensuite interrogés sur l'avenir de ces patients, en terme de dépendance quotidienne et sur les nouveaux enjeux thérapeutiques qu'ils doivent faire prévoir.

Phénomène très rare dans l'histoire des neurosciences, la démence du SIDA, qui est devenue dans certains cas, au moins partiellement, réversible. La définition d'une démence doit-elle prendre en compte l'irréversibilité des troubles ? Ce point a été longtemps discuté Quoiqu'il en soit la « démence du SIDA » doit être, aujourd'hui, classée parmi les démences potentiellement curables.

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VIII. ANNEXES

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