TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
0.1 overview of the subject
matter....................................................1
0.2 Justification of the
study.........................................................2
0.3 Scope of
work.....................................................................3
0.4 Problems encountered in the
field..............................................3
0.5 Outline of the
work...............................................................4
CHAPTER I: PROBLEMATIC, METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION OF
STUDY AREA
1.1 Statement of research
problem...................................................6
1.2 Research
questions...............................................................7
1.2.1 Central
Question...........................................................7
1.2.2 Secondary
Questions.....................................................7
1.3 Research
hypotheses..............................................................7
1.3.1 Main
hypothesis..........................................................8
1.3.2 Secondary
Hypotheses...................................................8
1.4 Objectives of
study................................................................8
1.4.1 Main
Objective............................................................8
1.4.2 Secondary
Objectives.....................................................8
1.5 Interests of
study......................................................................8
1.5.1 Theoretical
Interests.....................................................9
1.5.2 Practical
Interests........................................................9
1.6
Methodology...................................................................10
1.7 Qualitative Research
Methods................................................11
1.7.1 Unstructured
Interview.................................................11
1.7.2 Structured
Interview.....................................................11
1.7.3
Observation.............................................................11
1.8 Quantitative
methods...........................................................12
1.9 Field work
procedure...........................................................12
1.10 Data
analysis....................................................................12
1.11 Target
population..............................................................12
1.12 The location of some Bayang
villages......................................13
1.13 The origin of the name
Mamfe...............................................15
1.14 Descent Group
Organizations...............................................15
1.15 The Non Native
Population...................................................16
1.16 Socio-cultural set
up...........................................................16
1.16.1
Marriage................................................................16
1.16.2
Birth....................................................................17
1.16.3
Death..................................................................17
1.17 Internal And External
Dynamics............................................18
1.18 The Physical
Milieu...........................................................19
1.18.1Vegetation..............................................................19
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTUAL AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.0 Background notes on the
subject..............................................21
2.1 Literature
Review................................................................22
2.2 Definition of
Concepts.........................................................25
2.3 Theoretical
Framework.........................................................29
2.3.1 Structural
Functionalism................................................29
2.3.2 The Marxist Political Economy
Model...............................29
2.3.3 The Transactionalist
Model............................................30
CHAPTER III : ENEMA AS THERAPY, ITS PROCEDURE,
TRADITIONAL TOOLS AND PAYMENT RITES
3.0 Traditional
Tools................................................................32
3.1 The Practice Of Enema During
Pregnancy...................................34
3.1.1 In situation of
sterility..................................................34
3.2 The State of Art of
Enema......................................................35
3.3 Modern
Tools....................................................................37
3.4 Complete Enema Bag / Bucket Must
Contain...............................37
3.5 People's Reasons For Change In Tools And
Procedure...................38
3.6 The Evolution of the practice of
Enema......................................40
3.7 Payment
Rites....................................................................41
3.7.1 In
Kind...................................................................41
3.7.2 In
Cash....................................................................42
3.8 Some Medicinal Plants Used In Enema
Concoction.......................42
3.9 Some Animal Products Used In Enema
Concoction.......................43
3.10 Some plants to be avoided in enema
concoction...........................43
3.11 Some reasons for enema during
Pregnancy................................45
3.12 How the people of Manyu community perceive
enema..................47
CHAPTER IV : ENEMA AND MODERNISM, INITIATION RITES AND
THE IMPACT OF ENEMA ON WOMEN'S HEALTH
4.0 Cultural contact and
change...................................................48
4.1 Acceptance and rejection of enema during
pregnancy....................49
4.1.1 Conditions for acceptance and rejection of
change................49
4.2 Initiation rites to the practice of
enema......................................51
4.3 People's opinion of enema and
childbirth...................................52
4.4 Cultural beliefs and symbolic
patterns........................................53
4.5 Evolution of traditional
tools..................................................54
CHAPTER V : BELIEF SYSTEM AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF
THE PEOPLE OF MAMFE COMMUNITY
5.0 Witchcraft and supernatural
powers.........................................56
5.1 Totem and
fertility.............................................................56
5.1.1Totem and
inheritance..................................................58
5.2 Preventive traditional
medicine...............................................58
5.3 Health seeking behaviour of the
People...................................59
5.4 Popular Folk and professional
Sector.......................................60
5.5 Outcome of enema administration to pregnant
women...................62
5.6 Modern
religion................................................................62
5.7 Health patterns of the people of Mamfe
community...................63
5.8 Precautions to be noted during enema
administration.................63
5.9 The relationship between traditional and biomedical
healers.......64
CONCLUSION......................................................................66
BILIOGRAPHY.....................................................................71
INFORMANT
PROFILE...........................................................74
1- BIOMEDICAL PERSONNEL AND
NURSES..........................74
2- TBA/TRADITIONAL
HEALERS........................................76
3- MOTHERS AND PREGNANT
WOMEN................................78
4- ELDERS IN THE
COMMUNITY.........................................85
LIST OF MAPS
Some ethnic group and clans in Manyu
........................................ 14
Location of Manyu Division in Cameroon and Manyu division in
the South West of
Cameroon.................................................................20
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FGO : Female Genital Mutilation
TBA : Traditional Birth Attendants
IFORD : l'institut des Formations des Recherches
Démographiques
UNICEF : United Nations Children Emergency Fund
UNESCO: United Nations, Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation
WHO : World Health Organisation
WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature
WB : World Bank
GLOSSARY
1. "Tangkpe"-enema
2. "Nsok-enen"-elephant in the water
3. "Manep"-water
4. "Eteh-babey"-pot of medicine
5. "Meneih"-pregnancy
6. «Etatmandem»-God
7. «Manfaifa»-put it here
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Some medicinal plants commonly used in enema
concoction......42
Table 2: Some medicinal plants to be
avoided...................................45
Table 3: Some reasons for administering
enema................................53
Table 4: Contradictory views of medical doctors and
traditional healers....64
Table 5: Some Bayang clans and their
villages..................................91
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Traditional tool used in administering
enema.....................................33
Some modern tools used in enema
administration..................................38
The three sector of a healthcare
system...........................................63
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