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Primary education and entrepreneurship in east Africa: a case study of private schools for the poor in Kibera(Kenya)

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par Keunne Nodem Eric
University of Newcastle Upon-Tyne - Master of Education 2010
  

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3.1.2 Research method used and description of data collection

Research in social sciences offers many options concerning the method to be used by the researcher .These are usually quantitative and qualitative methods. However, it's very common nowadays for researchers and scholars and researchers to use both methods depending on their goal target. It's equally suggested by many scholars that for the case of a «good» case study, many sources should be used to gather evidence in order to support or reject the theory. (Yin 1993, 1994 cited in Dixon 2002)

Both quantitative and qualitative methods (equally known as mixed method or multi-strategy research) were used in the course of this research, this in a perspective of bringing more accurate information about the research questions centred on private school entrepreneurship in East Africa and also to help figure out specific patterns in the various respondents' answers.

The quantitative approach uses techniques of inquiries including positive claims and experimental strategy. With this method, the researcher usually tests a theory by specifying narrow hypothesis and the collection of data to support or refute the hypothesis. Further, an experimental design is used in which attitudes are assessed both before and after the experimental treatment. Finally, the data are collected on an instrument that measures attitudes, and the information collected is analysed using statistical procedures and hypothesis testing. (Creswell, 2002:20)

Qualitative method on its own enables the researcher or inquirer to make knowledge claims based on primarily on constructivism perspectives. This involves the systematic collection, organization and interpretation of textual material derived from talk or observation. The particularity of this approach remains the fact that it is used in the exploration of meanings of social phenomena as experienced by individual themselves, in their natural context. (Creswell, 2002:18; Malterud 2001:483)

The research has been carried in Kibera, one of the largest slums of East Africa. Considering the central question surrounding the study, it's decided and agreed upon to focus on private school entrepreneurs, teachers and pupils in selected schools. We deemed necessary to use both methods with specific task assigned to each method and its instrument. The qualitative method was used by carrying an in-depth interview with private school entrepreneurs who operate in the slum of Kibera, while the quantitative method was used to cover the overall picture of selected schools, carrying out a census and a survey looking at pupils number, fees, test scores, provision of certain facilities, all these providing us with scale data. Ordinal data were also collected by using Likert scales method to measure satisfaction in the pupil and teachers questionnaires (Best, J &Kahn 2003:318-321).

The collection of information related to this study was made possible through the following instruments:

· Questionnaires

· Interviews

· Test scores, and

· Documentary

3.1.2.1 Questionnaires

Questionnaires were distributed to a good number of school entrepreneurs in Kibera, the teachers and pupils in the selected schools. The structure of the questions was well elaborated based on a «question type» format (Bell 2005:137-138) so as to enable the researcher to gather as much accurate information as possible and get to analyze these without any major problem. They were set in quite simple way taking into account pupil's level, teachers and entrepreneurs' time constraint. In short, these questions were detached from all ambiguity and imprecision( Bell 2005:138-139) The objective of school owners' questionnaires was to find out the motivations behind their investments in the field of education especially in a slum, about the facilities offered in the process of their activities.

Teachers and pupils' questions were centred on their level of satisfaction of the quality of services provided by these entrepreneurs and what they thought were the shortcomings of these investments.

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