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Primary education and entrepreneurship in east Africa: a case study of private schools for the poor in Kibera(Kenya)

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par Keunne Nodem Eric
University of Newcastle Upon-Tyne - Master of Education 2010
  

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4.2.2 The Slum of Kibera

Kibera is known to be one of the largest informal settlements in East Africa. The term «slums» typically implies live conditions that are overcrowded with very little access to basic necessities. Electricity, sanitation, clean water is simply a mere dream for the bulk of the population living in this environment. According a recent study in the middle of last year by Stefano Marras, a mapping specialist, the numerical dimension of Kibera is set between 2.3 and 2.5 sq kilometres and the total population living in the slum can be most likely estimated to 220,000 and 250,000 people.

Figure 4: A view o the slum of Kibera

4.2.3 The pupils

When asked why children attended private schools in Kibera rather than walking to one of the five government schools that are situated on the periphery it seemed that attending a school that was close to the home was one priority. The pupils in this research all stated that they travel to school on foot implying that it is important to them and their parents to live relatively close to their schools. When asked about their homes pupils said that they consisted of either a single room or there were a maximum of two rooms. None of the homes had a kitchen and only three homes had access to an inside toilet. The number of people living in the family home ranged from two to 11 with a mean of six people (see figure 5).

Figure 5: Number of adult and children living in the family home

One of the most striking parts of the research brought forward the fact that in almost all cases, the pupils parents suffered from abject poverty. When asked if their parents (both father and mother) had a paid job only three mothers out of the total 25 undertook paid employment. These ranged from business, cleaner and labourer. The rest of the 22 pupils' mothers are jobless. Similarly only four of the pupils' fathers undertook paid employment as labourers, one had died and the remaining 20 have no employment (tables 3&4).

Table 3: Mum has a job

Table 4: Father's job

By implication, most parents in the slum do not have the financial resources that can enable them to address their offspring's educational needs. So it is important to address how these parents are able to pay the school fees in order to attend a private school and why they would do so. At this effect, George Mikwa argued that:

«In the ending 1980s and 1990s the government and public schools in Kenya used to implement a cost sharing policy for school enrolments. The amount per pupils mounted sometimes up to £40 and parents, who in the greater majority are very poor, raise money for the children education through crops growing and selling, found it extremely costly. Then many private schools started operating around the community charging lower fees... Then the government introduced Free Primary Education in 2003... When something is said to be free in Kenya, you would expect everybody to be there. The parents realised that the quality has dropped and thought that it was better to sacrifice and pay some money in private schools so that their children could get good education.»

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