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Conflits hommes-faune sauvage en Inde du sud: déterminants spatiaux et socioculturels


par Paul Badaire
Le Mans Université - Master Gestion des Territoires et Développement Local 2018
  

précédent sommaire

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TABLE DES FIGURES

Figure 1: Aires protégées de la région 26

Figure 2 : L'Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 29

Figure 3:Age des interviewés 34

Figure 4 : Principales sources de revenus 36

Figure 5: Bénéfices obtenus de la part des gestionnaires de l'AWS 38

Figure 6:Bénéfices obtenus de la part de l'Aralam Farm 39

Figure 7:Types de conflits reportés 41

Figure 8:Espèces animales causant des dégradations agricoles 43

Figure 9: Fréquence de venue des sangliers 44

Figure 10: Fréquence de venue des sambars 44

Figure 11: Fréquence de venue des éléphants 45

Figure 12: Fréquence de venue des macaques 45

Figure 13: Mesures de réduction des conflits utilisées et perceptions de leur efficacité 55

Figure 14:Carte des dégradations agricoles reportés par les foyers interviewés 59

Figure 15: Carte du nombre de voisins entre les foyers interviewés et la forêt 61

Figure 16: Carte de couverture des sols 66

Figure 17:Impact ressenti des conflits sur la vie quotidienne 75

Figure 18:Perceptions de la gestion de la faune sauvage 77

Figure 19 : Attitudes envers la résolution des conflits 79

Figure 20:Attitudes envers une initiative de gestion collective des conflits 81

TABLE DES TABLEAUX

Tableau 1: Cultures pratiquées 37

Tableau 2: Préférences alimentaires des 4 espèces animales étudiées 51

Tableau 3: Représentations de la vie en périphérie de l'AWS 71

Tableau 4 : Animaux ayant une valeur pour les habitants de la zone du PRA 73

Tableau 5: Raisons en faveur de la conservation 74

119

TABLE DES MATIERES

REMERCIEMENTS 2

SOMMAIRE 3

1. INTRODUCTION 4

1.1. Conservation et coexistence conflictuelle entre hommes et animaux 4

1.2. Les conflits hommes-animaux sauvages 6

1.3. Dimension environnementale des conflits hommes-animaux sauvages 8

1.3.1. Dimension animale : des comportements et des préférences évolutives 9

1.3.2. Activités humaines et dynamiques paysagères 10

1.4. Dimension humaine des conflits hommes-animaux sauvages 12

1.4.1. Des représentations subjectives et complexes 13

1.4.2. Un contexte socioculturel à prendre en compte 14

1.4.3. Un contexte socio-spatial et des jeux d'acteurs déterminants 15

1.5. La géographie et l'étude des relations hommes-animaux sauvages 17

1.6. Les conflits hommes-animaux en périphérie de l'Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 19

1.7. Objectifs du mémoire et hypothèses 22

2. CONTEXTE DE L'ÉTUDE 24

2.1. L'Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary (AWS) 24

2.2. La zone du Programme de Réhabilitation des Adivasi (PRA) 27

3. MÉTHODOLOGIE 30

3.1. Entretiens non-structurés 30

3.2. Enquête sociale à l'aide d'un questionnaire 30

3.3. Analyse statistique 32

3.4. Analyse spatiale 32

4. CARACTÉRISTIQUES SOCIOÉCONOMIQUES DE LA POPULATION

INTERVIEWÉE 34

5. CARACTÉRISTIQUES DES CONFLITS HOMMES-ANIMAUX EN PÉRIPHÉRIE DE

L'AWS 40

5.1. Opinions des habitants de la zone du PRA 40

5.1.1. Les types de conflits hommes-faune sauvage 40

5.1.2. Les dégradations agricoles 42

5.2. Opinions des gestionnaires de l'AWS 46

120

6. CONFIGURATIONS SPATIALES ET RISQUES DE DÉGRADATIONS AGRICOLES

 

49

 
 
 

6.1.

Utilisation des sols et risques de raid agricoles

50

 

6.2.

Mesures de réduction des conflits et risques de dégradations agricoles

53

 

6.3.

Analyse spatiale visuelle et distance à la forêt

57

 

6.4.

Présences humaines et risques de dégradations agricoles

60

 

6.5.

Couverture des sols et risques de dégradations agricoles

63

7.

ATTITUDES DES HABITANTS ET DÉTERMINANTS SOCIO-CULTURELS

68

 

7.1.

Représentations de l'aire protégée et de la faune sauvage

70

 

7.2.

Attitudes envers la conservation

73

 

7.3.

Perception de l'impact des conflits

75

 

7.4.

Opinions de la gestion de l'Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary

76

 

7.5.

Attitudes envers la résolution des conflits hommes-animaux

78

 

7.6.

Attitudes envers une gestion collective des conflits hommes-animaux

80

8.

DISCUSSIONS ET RECOMMANDATIONS

83

 

8.1.

Limites rencontrées

83

 

8.2.

Un problème de compétition pour l'espace du PRA et ses ressources

84

 

8.3.

Une mobilité des animaux peu comprise

86

 

8.4.

La gestion des conflits hommes-animaux en périphérie de l'AWS

88

 

8.5.

Pistes de solutions

89

9.

CONCLUSION

93

ANNEXES 95

BIBLIOGRAPHIE 105

TABLE DES FIGURES 118

TABLE DES TABLEAUX 118

TABLE DES MATIERES 119

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