Dedication i
Acknowledgements ii
Abstract iii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
Contents vii
INTRODUCTION
General Background 1
Research Questions 2
Hypotheses 3
Objectives 4
Scope of the Study 6
Limitations of the Study 7
Significance of the Study 8
Basic Assumptions 9
Terms Definition 10
Chapter One
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction 12
1.1. Linguistic and Cultural Knowledge
13
1.1.1. Translation and Language 13
1.1.1.1. Difference between languages 14
1.1. 2. The Translator's Linguistic Knowledge
18
1.1.2.1. Knowledge of the native language 20
1.1.2.2. Knowledge of the foreign language
22
1.1.2.3. Textual knowledge 23
1.1.2.4. Communicative competence 25
1.1.2.5. Controlled linguistic knowledge 26
1.1.3. Translation and Culture 27
1.1.4. The Translator's Cultural Knowledge
32
1.1.5. Learning Culture 35
1.2. Translation Competence 37
1.2.1. The Term "Translation Competence" 37
1.2.2. Translation Competence Versus Linguistic
Competence 39 1.2.3. Nature of Translation Competence
40 1.2.4. Translation Competence Acquisition and
Language Learning 49
1.3. Some Aspects of the Activity of
Translation 53
1.3.1. Translation Problems 53
1.3.1.1. Translatability 53
1.3.1.2. Peeter Torop's Scheme of Culture
Translatability 56
1.3.2. Translation as Decision Making 63
ix
1.3.3. Some Aspects of the Translator's Responsibility
67
1.4. An Account for Admission ReQuirements in Some
Foreign Translation Schools 72
1.4.1. Institut de Traduction at Montreal
University in 1967 73
1.4.2. L'Université du Québec en
Outaouais in 2004 74
1.4.3. Ecole Supérieure d'Interprètes
et de Traducteurs at Paris
l'Université Paris III in 2004
76
1.4.4. Views of SomeTranslation Scholars and
Teachers 78
1. 5. Measuring Translation Learning
Progress 81
1.5.1. Campbell's Developmental Scheme 85
1.5.2. Orozco and Hurtado Albir's Model 87
1.5.3. Waddington's Experiment 90
Conclusion 92
Chapter Two
METHODOLOGY DESIGN
Introduction 94
2.1. The Ex Post Facto Study 94
2.1.1. Research Questions 94
2.1.2. Operational Definitions of Variables
95
2.1.3. Choice of Method 96
2.1.4. The Ex Post Facto Design 98
2.1.5. Sampling 99
2.1.6. Data Collection Procedures 101
2.1.7. Statistical Analysis 102
2.1.7.1. Means Comparison 103
2.1.7.2. Correlation 109
2.2. The Qualitative Study 115
2.2.1. Research Questions 115
2.2.2. First Year Students' Knowledge 116
2.2.2.1. Objectives 116
2.2.2.2. Research Questions 116
2.2.2.3. Sampling 117
2.2.2.4. Data Gathering Procedures 118
2.2.2.4.1. English language test 118
2.2.2.4.2. Arabic language test 120
2.2.2.4.3. English and Arabic general culture tests 121
2.2.2.5. Data Analysis and Evaluation 124
2.2.2.5.1. English language test 124
- Qualitative description 124
- Quantitative description 129
2.2.2.5.2. Arabic language test 130
- Qualitative description 133
- Quantitative description 133
2.2.2.5.3. General culture tests 134
2.2.2.5.3.1. English culture test 134
- Quantitative description 134
- Qualitative description 135
2.2.2.5.3.2. Arabic culture test 137
- Quantitative description 137
- Qualitative description 138
2.2.3. Third Year Translations' Evaluation
140
2.2.3.1. Objectives 140
xi
2.2.3.2. Research Questions 140
2.2.3.3. Sampling 141
2.2.3.4. Tests Materials and Administration
141
2.2.3.5. Translations' Evaluation 142
2.2.3.5.1. Arabic-English translations' evaluation 143
- Qualitative description 143
- Quantitative description 150
2.2.3.5.2. English-Arabic translations' evaluation 151
- Qualitative description 151
- Quantitative description 157
2.2.4.1.1. Linguistic Competence 158
2.2.4.1.2. General Culture 159
2.2.4.2.1. Arabic-English 160
2.2.4.2.2. English-Arabic 161
