Chapter First: GENERAL INFORMATION ON PALUDISM
This chapter presents the general information on the paludism,
analyzes how the RDC can control paludism and studies then the way in which one
can make move back paludism.
1.1. DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPTS
1.1.1.Paludism
1.1.1.1. Definition of paludism
According to the dictionary of Flammarion medicine, paludism
comes from the Latin word palus, which means marsh and in English malaria;
feverish, parasitic, endemic disease and cosmopolitan due to a protozoon,
sporozoaire of the plasmodium kind transmitted by the puncture of the
hematophagous female of a mosquito of the anophèle kind.
Paludism according to the encyclopaedia is a parasitic disease
produced by a protozoon parasitic of blood and transmitted by a mosquito of the
hot and marshy areas.
The medical dictionary stipulates that paludism is an endemic
infectious disease caused by parasites of the plasmodium kind and transmitted
to the man by the puncture of the females of mosquitos of the anophèles
kind.
1.1.1.2. History of paludism
Empirical knowledge of the alchemists to the Middle Ages had
allowed the establishment of the bonds of causality between the frightening
feverish affection and proximity of the marshes from where the expression
"fever of the marshes" on the one hand, badly aria or bad air, on the
other hand, whose the terms synonymous with paludism derive respectively.
In 1650, the bark of a wild shrub, quinquina, imported of Peru
where the autochtones used it since immémoriaux times, made it possible
to Europeans to finally reach the treatment of the malaria.
In 1820, two chemists, Furriers and Caventou, isolated from
the bark of quinquina about thirty alkaloids of which famous quinines
and quinidines.In 1880, a biologist, Laveran, discover in the red globules of
the patients reached of the malaria the protozoon responsible for this
inffection which it baptized of the name Plasmodium and obtained for this
discovery the Nobel Prize of medicine.
In 1898, Bignama, then Grassi in 1899, describe the complete
cycle of plasmodiums at the anophèle.The hepatic development of
plasmodiums in the human being is shown in 1948 by Shortt and Garnham.
1820 to 1940 surroundings, no therapeutic progress had been
carried out, but little before the Second World War, chloroquine, first
antipaludic of synthesis, is prepared and opens the way with a whole series of
derivative.
In 1957, research is undertaken in the world by WHO. After
fast successes especially in zone subtropical and moderated, in the developed
countries, the islands, and progress becomes slow, in particular in the
disinherited countries.
In 1961 at the time of discovered P. Facifarum resistant to
amino-4-quinolines, antipaludic of synthesis largely used, and their extension
to the world and currently worrying;whereas in 1968 a campaign east redefines
in order to éradiquer the effects of the disease (mortality and
morbididté).A present, research is directed towards the vectorial anti
fight, the treatment curative and prophylactic (resistance to insecticides) are
of a technical but so economic nature, the treatment requires again produced
effective against the stocks of P. Falciparum resistant to amino-4- quinolines,
and of the antipaludic aimings exoérythrocytaire.
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