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Social cultural factors in HIV/AIDS transmission among women in Rwanda .

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par Jean paul NTEZIRYAYO
Kigali Institute of Education - Bachelors degree of Sciences  2009
  

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II.2.2 MARRIAGE

Often girls are under pressure to prove their fertility and acquire status within the family. According to Clack (2002), HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa reaffirms that for many women, marriage equates the end of condom use and the increase in sexual activity26. Married girls are bound to have more frequent sexual activity than their unmarried counterparts and are less likely to have the power to be able to control the women and how of sex27. Marriage, which greatly increases women's sexual exposure, has in itself dramatic rise in the frequency of unprotected sex after marriage is driven by the implications of infidelity or distrust associated with certain forms of contraception such as condom, a strong desire to become pregnant, and imbalance in gender power relations28. Consequently, parents are unable to talk to their daughters before their marriages about sexual matters and sexual relationships.

This lack of knowledge and informed discussion has also led to the spread of HIV29. Women have increased inability to negotiate safer sex. In spite of having knowledge of their extra marital sexual interactions, women are often unable to protect themselves due to lack of power within relationships created by culture, economic and emotional dependence.

II.2.3 POLYGAMY

The polygamy was considered by some people as cultural practice value, the men considered the polygamy as something compulsory in society. In general the polygamy is known in rural areas, poor areas where economy, social and cultural level are modesty30.The traditional practice of polygamy, which is legally sanctioned in some parts of the world, allows husband to have more than one wife. Polygamy operates to create concurrent sexual networks within marriage between multiple wives and their husband, and in addition to any extra marital sexual contacts the spouse may have.

26 www.eenet.org

27 www.ncbi.nlm.nlh.gov

28 www.icaso.org

29 www.eenet.org

30 Sami tchak.1999

Direct sexual transmission of HIV can occur in these concurrent sexual networks where the virus is introduced through the spouses' extra-marital sexual contacts or where a wife who is already HIV positive enters the polygamy union31. The place of women in society increases the risk oh HIV transmission by undermining women's ability to negotiate condom use, to insist on partner fidelity becomes further complicated in polygamous households given that multiple wives are often reliant on one husband for material survival. The economic hardship, lack of knowledge and lack of emotional attention associated with polygamy can lead to engage in extramarital sexual relationships.

II.2.4 EARLY MARRIAGE

Early marriage refers to any form of marriage that takes place before a child has reached 18 years32.The majority of sexual active girls aged 15-19 in developing countries are married. Early marriage severely increases young girls' vulnerability to HIV as they are most likely to be forced into having sexual intercourse with their (usually much older) husband young girls have softer vaginal membranes which are more prone to tear,

especially on coercion, making them susceptible to HIV infection. Older husbands are more likely to be sexually experienced and HIV infected.33

Child marriage is a violation of human rights as it violates the right to freedom and growth of children, example: a testimony of a girl: I hate early marriage. I was married at an early age and my in-law forced me to sleep with my husband and he made me suffer all night. After that, whenever day becomes night, I get worried thinking that it will be like that .that is what I hate most» -an 11 year-old girl from Amhara, Ethiopia, married at age 5; first had sex at age 9. Gender inequality is both a cause and a consequence of child marriage34.

31 UNAIDS.2005

32 www.eenet.org

33 .UNAIDS.2005.P10

34 www.icaso.org

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