4.5.4. Applying The Techniques
To Specific Quality Indicators
4.5.4.1. Linkage
application
The application of the linkage technique to economic
indicators in Rwanda would be considerably enhanced by the disaggregating of
the household sector into income groups. These disaggregated data could then be
used directly by linkage technique. For example, numbers of high, medium, and
low income workers, average and medium income, proportion of workers above some
poverty line can be obtained by using the estimates of the levels of output of
the producing sectors (Agriculture, Industry, and Services) in combination with
the appropriate coefficients showing the type of labours used by each
sector.
Example for Rwanda:
|
Sectors
|
Agriculture
|
Industry
|
Service
|
|
Output by Sector (in Billion Frw)
|
1012
|
430
|
1365
|
|
Coefficient (%)
|
34
|
14
|
46
|
Source: Republic of Rwanda, NISR, GDP Annual
Estimates for 2009 based on 2006 benchmark.
Applying linkage to community service indicators requires
desegregation of the government sector into specific functional activities.
Indicators can be linked to expenditures on these functional activities:
Examples of this type are: Pupil per teacher, Student by class
room, Hospital and Clinics per unit of population. However, as public service
output quality measurements are improved they can be used in place of the input
quality measurements by linking them to functional expenditures.
4.5.4.2. Dummy technique
application
In Rwanda dummy sector technique can be used for analyses of
land pollution, land degradation, and land use. For the land pollution dummy
sector combines coefficient that measure the amount of solid wastes disposed of
by the using sector into landfills or dumps with coefficients measure the
amount of input used in the land reclaiming or cleaning sector.
To estimate land use, policymakers in Rwanda have to create
two land related sector:
· Space occupied by buildings
· Non building space
With knowledge of the space currently available, the level of
conversion of raw land into sector-usable land in the aggregate and separately
for each producing sector, household, and government can be estimated, given
the final demand specification. Such information can be useful also in showing
the relative amount of land used in the provision of housing services,
recreation, commercial enterprises, and transportation facilities.
The linkage technique can allow planers in Rwanda to identify
the producing sector and the kind of final demand sales that significantly
influence the rate of by-product output flow. Such information is relevant
particularly to taxation and regulation policies.
Planers would like to know the expenditure that various
sectors make in seeking to control the by-product flow. Often these
expenditures are not distinguishable from the sectors purchases required for
the sectors goods and services production. The specification technique can
provide some such information and permits calculation of how these expenditures
would change as final demand changes.
Planers would like also to know the feasibility, in terms of
expenditures and resources required, of achieving alternative rates of
by-product output flow; the dummy technique can provide some such information
necessary of economic development of Rwanda. For example by stipulating target
levels of allowable pollution and estimated deliveries to final demand, the
dummy technique allows calculation of the level of resources that must be
committed to pollution suppression activities. Such information is useful
particularly for situation in which the government is seeking to reduce
pollution directly to rough its own programmatic expenditure (Bulmer-Thomas V.,
1982, PP 256-278).
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