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Ocean Grabbing : a
threat to food
security
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Sophia Camélia GHRAIR Dirigé par : Julien Eyrard
MARSTER 1 RELATION AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHNAGE | PARIS
CITÉ SORBONNE
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Table of Content
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INTRODUCTION
PART I - FROM SELF-SUFFICIENCY TO FOOD SECURITY
I. SELF-SUFFICIENCY: SIERRA LEONE'S RESPONSE TO FOOD INSECURITY
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1
6
6
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1.
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A historical return and state of play of Sierra Leone
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6
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a. Sierra Leone: an example to be followed. From political
disruption to peaceful democratic transition
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7
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b. A failed economy model resulting in a struggling economy
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7
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c. The struggle for development
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8
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2.
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The impact of the 2007 global food crisis in Sierra Leone
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9
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a. The causes and consequences
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9
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b. The government's efforts and their results
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10
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3.
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Sierra Leone's self-sufficiency policy
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10
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a. Sierra Leone's rice dependence
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10
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b. The strategy of self-sufficiency
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11
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II.
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THE STATE OF FOOD SECURITY IN SIERRA LEONE: QUESTIONING THE
CONCEPT OF SELF-SUFFICIENCY
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13
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1.
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Food security in Sierra Leone
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13
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2.
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Trends in food insecurity within Sierra Leone
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14
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a. Chronic food insecurity
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14
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b. Seasonal food insecurity
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15
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c. Transitionary food insecurity
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15
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3.
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The different responses to food insecurity: coping mechanisms
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16
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4.
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Self-sufficiency: a concept ill-suited to Sierra Leone's
needs and reality
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16
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5.
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Self-sufficiency and food security: two concepts for one
answer
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18
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III.
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FOOD SECURITY: MULTIPLE DEFINITIONS AND THE NECESSITY FOR A
MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE
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20
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1.
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The evolution of the concept offood security
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20
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a. The different approaches that shaped the concept of food
security
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21
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i. The entitlement theory
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21
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ii. The livelihood approach to food security
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22
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iii. The human security and rights-based approach
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23
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b. The 1996 World Food Summit: a turning point
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23
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i. The 1996 World Food Summit
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23
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ii. The Millennium Summit
iii. The 2010 United Nations Conference «Keeping the
Promise: United to Achieve the Millennium
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Development Goals»
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24
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2.
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The components and targets of the concept offood security
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24
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a. Four pillars and three trends
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24
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i. The four pillars model
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24
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ii. The three trends of food insecurity 25
b. Identifying the targets 26
3. Food security: Sierra Leone and the multi-level governance
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a. Global governance 26
b. Regional policies 27
c. National policies 28
CONCLUSION OF THE FIRST PART 29
PARTIE II - FISHERY: A LEAD IN IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY
AND
ALLEVIATE POVERTY 30
I. FISHERY IN SIERRA LEONE: BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND CONTRIBUTION
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1. Fishery a profitable sector 30
a. Fishery: high economic potential lacking the infrastructure
to thrive 31
b. The pivotal role of small scale fishery 32
c. Foreign-investments oriented policy 33
2. The necessity of a sustainable approach to fishery
34
a. Economic growth and sustainability 35
b. The government's efforts toward sustainable fisheries 36
II. FISHERY, NUTRITION AND INCOME: FOCUS ON SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES
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1. Poverty alleviation through fishery activities 37
a. Concepts surrounding poverty 38
b. Sustainable fishery and poverty 39
2. Small-scale fisheries 40
3. Highly nutritious and important for vulnerable households
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III. THE GOVERNANCE OF FISHERY: AN ACCUMULATION OF STANDARDS,
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS 43
1. The international and regional governance of fisheries
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2. The local governance of fishery in Sierra Leone: a clear
framework 45
CONCLUSION OF THE SECOND PART 47
PARTIE III - THE MECHANISMS OF OCEAN GRABBING
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I. OCEAN GRABBING: DISCOURSES AND REALITY 48
1. Ocean grabbing: definition and consequences 48
2. The role of institutions 50
II. BLUE GROWTH: THE FINE LINE BETWEEN BUSINESS AND OCEAN
GRABBING 51
1. The preponderant role of the FAO 51
2. Blue growth in West Africa 52
3. Blue growth: good intentions or hidden agenda? 52
III. THE ISSUE OF ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING
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1. Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing: consequences
and response to a widespread
practice 54
a. How does Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing occur?
55
b. How does it impact fisherfolks? 55
c. Sierra Leone's response 57
2. How rules are bent: lack of compliance and legal loopholes
57
3. The efforts introduced to combat IUU 59
a. The global response to IUU fishing 59
b. Regional efforts towards ending IUU 60
IV. THE VIOLATION OF THE RIGHT TO FOOD 61
1. The concept of right to food: a comprehensive definition
61
2. The recognition and obligations related to the concept of
the right to food 62
a. The recognition of the concept: a step towards achieving food
security 63
i. The United Nation: the pioneer of the concept 63
ii. The indirect recognition of regional and national bodies
64
b. The State' obligations 65
3. Governance of the right to food 66
a. Monitoring mechanisms 66
b. Regional and international monitoring mechanisms 67
CONCLUSION OF THE THIRD PART 69
CONCLUSION 64
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I would like to thank God Almighty for
giving me the strength, and the courage to undertake this work to complete it
satisfactorily. Secondly, I thank my family and friends who supported me
throughout this process. I am particularly grateful for my mother, Fatima
Zohra, whose undying love for her children gives strength and comfort. Last but
not least I thank Mr. Eyrard who supervised my thesis and gave me relevant
information and advised me in the most adequate way thanks to his expertise.
Also, Dr. Roche who supported not only me but all of my classmates through the
year. She always had kinds words and reassured me when I doubted.
List of abbreviations
A4P: Agenda for Prosperity
ABNJ: Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
AfC: Agenda for Change
ACHPR: African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights
ACRWC: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare
of the Child
USAID: Agency for International Development
APLs: Adaptable Program Loans
CCRF: Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries
CESCR: Committee on economic, social
and cultural rights CFA: Community Fisheries Agreements
DMFMR: Deputy Minister of Fisheries and Marine
Resources
ECOWAS: Economic Organization of West African
States EU: European Union
EVO: Ebola Virus Outbreak
EZZ: Exclusive Economic Zone
FAO: United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization
FCS: Food Consumption Score
FCWC: Fisheries Committee of the West Central
Gulf of Guinea
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GPO: Global Partnership for Oceans
HDI: Human Development Index
ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights IEZ: Inshore Exclusive Zone
IMBO: Institue of Marine Biology and
oceanography
IMO: International Maritime Organization
(IMO)
IPOA-IUU: International Plan of Action to
Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
ISFM: Institutional Support for Fisheries
Management Project
IUU: Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU
JMC: Joint Maritime Commission
MDG: Millennium Development Goals
MFMR: Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources
MPA: Marine Protected Areas
MRU: Manu River Union
NEPAD: New Economic Partnership for Africa's
Development
NERS: National Ebola Recovery Strategy
NRDS: National Rice Development Strategy NRS:
National Recovery Strategy (NRS)
PACHPR: Protocol to the African Charter on Human
and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of the African Court on Human and
Peoples' Rights
PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
RCSI: Reduced Coping Strategy Index
RFB: Regional Fishery Bodies
RFMO: Regional Fisheries Management Organization
RFSR: West Africa Regional Food Security Reserve
SDG: Sustainable Development Goals
SFLP: Sustainable fisheries livelihoods
Programme in West and Central Africa
SL-PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
2005-07
SSF: Small-Scale Fisheries
SSF Guidelines: Voluntary Guidelines for
Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the
Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication
UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN: United Nations
UNCLOS: UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNMD: United Nations Millennium Declaration
VG Tenure: Voluntary Guidelines for the
Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context
of National Food Security
WARFP: West Africa Regional Fisheries Program
WFP: World Food Program, the UN specialized
organization for food
WHO: World Health Organization, the UN
specialized organization for health WWF: World Wildlife
Fund
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