REFERENCES
1. The Sahara, 30 Août 1961
2. African Contemporary Record, Vol. 7 (1974 - 1975), P.
725
3. West Africa, 2nd Sept., 1974, p 1085
4. W. G. East, «The Geography of Land-locked
states», Trano Institute of British Geographers, 28 (1960) Pp, 1 - 22.
East has divided land-locked states into four groups. (1) African groups with
weak neighbors, (2) Buffer states e.g. Afghanistan and Nepal, (3) Land-locked
states dominated by powerful neighbors e.g. Mongolia, Czechoslovakia, Lesotho,
(4) Land -locked states respected for their neutrality, e.g. Switzerland.
5. Thirty-two (32) states ratified the convention of the
Freedom of transit Trade at the Barcelona Conference of 1921. Another
Conference convened by the U.N. in 1964 reaffirmed the principles of the
Barcelona conference.
6. Olajide Aluko, «Determinants of the Foreign Policy of
African states», in Aluko (d.), The foreign policy of African States, Pp.
1 - 18.
7. Nichole Echard, Etude Socio-economique dans les
vallées de l'Ader-Doutchi - Maggia (Paris/Niamey, n.d.), 46 - 7, P.
Falgueirettes, C. de Birnin Konni, «R. ann. 1957», February 20, 1958
(ASP Birnin Konni).
8. Letter from Gov. Ramadier to Professor Gourou, Niamey, Dec.
28, 1955 (AP Maradi); oral sources.
9. JO. AOF, Mo. 249, July 26, 1900, 313
10. Sere de Rivières (1965), 234-5.
11. Ibid. 205
12. Capt. Granderye (Resident say) to «Commandant
Supérieur», Say, February 27, 1900; «Commandant
Supérieur (Col. Combes)», to Resident say, St. Louis, March 2, 1900
(both 14 MI 293); «Commandant Nord-Est au Lieut. Gouv. A Kayes», m.d.
(1899), (SOM Soudan IV, 8); Rash (1972a), 80; P. Urfer, «R. Tournée
Canton de Loga», Dosso, April 20, 1947.
13. Léopold Kaziendé, «Un episode de
l'Histoire de Filingué Procès-Verbal d'une conversation avec
Chekou Mayaki», Mss. Niamey. 1937 (consulted by courtesy of the
author).
14. Capt. Angeli to Lieut. Gov. Soudan, Dosso, June 14, 1899
(14 MI 855).
15. «Région Ouest à Comandant, 3e territ.
May 13, 1901; Lieut. Col. Noe, «Rapp. Sur la situation pol. Du 3e territ.
Mil. 3e trim. 1902» Niamey, November, 1902 (both ANN).
16. P. Cambon (French Ambassador in London) to Minister of
Foreign Affairs, London, March 12 & May 1, 1902 (SOM Tchad I 2bis)
17. Destenave (n.d.), 86.
18. See for instance, two (2) reports by Major Gouraud, Oct.
4, 1901 and June 28, 1902 (ANN & SOM Tchad I, 2bis); Lugard to Secr.
State-Colonies, January 2, 1902 (Co 446/30); Noel, «R. sit, 3e trim
1902»; Lieut. Gov. Upper Sen. Niger to Gov., March 26, 1906 (14MI294).
19. Ibid, Sellier, «Note sur Le peuplement . . . du
cercle de Niamey», Rash 91972a), 284; and the reports and works cited in
note 148.
20. Report by Noel cited in Gov. Gal. To Minister, March 13,
1904 (SOM TChad I, 2 bis).
21. French and Nigerien Military of Foreign Affairs reports,
issues of Bulletin de l' Afrique Noire, and Banque Centrale des Etats de
Afrique de L' Ouest publications.
22. Toh, «Recent Macroeconomic Development», Pp. 26,
42.
23. U.S.A.I.D., «Agricultural sector and the Agricultural
Development Office of USAID/Niger» (Niamey, November 1984).
24. In 1981, for example, Chinese and Arab bilateral aid
amounted to nearly 30 percent of total aid received.
25. World Development Report 1989, Pp. 208, 168, 204. Debt
includes disbursed IMF credits and private non-guaranteed loans.
26. Le Sahel, April 15, 1980.
27. Africa Confidential, Vol. 13. No. 4,
February 18th, 1972, P. 4.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Africa Contemporary Record, Vol. 5 (1972
- 1973), P. 675.
31. Major Sani Souna Sido, Vice-chairman of
the Supreme Military Council, interview, reported in `Le Sahel' see
West Africa, 2nd Sept. 1974, P. 1085.
32. Ibid, 6th May, 1974, P. 546
33. Ibid,
34. Ibid, P. 728
35. West Africa, July 15th, 1975,
P. 873
36. West Africa, Sept. 16th, 1975,
P. 1148
37. Country situation (Niger) (Niamey: U.S.A.I.D, January
1986), Tables A. 7 and A. 10.
38. Pakistan provides a good illustration: its leaders
frequently visit Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia for economic reasons but its
relations with China, North Korea and Vietnam are also friendly.
39. Le Niger d'Aujourd' hui, No. 002, P. 11
(2004) (Editions JA )
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