L'économie informelle

B. activities of the secondary industry

The secondary industry includes/understands the whole of economic activities corresponding to the transformation of the raw materials into finished products or consumer goods.

It is in this logic which we dare to insert the remarks of Clercq which affirms that to buy goods to resell them after having worked them is the role of the industry which takes up the duty of producer of the goods ^(42(*)).

The creation of these activities underlines Gozo, raises of a subtle choice supporting the consumption of a broad layer of the population, as well in the production at lower cost of the goods and services as in the reproduction of the traditional spending patterns ^(43(*)). We are thus in front of a sector which has in particular the role starting from the conversion chemical or mechanical of an old product or combination of the old products to create one or new products.

We can on the one hand quote the processing industries of raw materials into good of production characterized by the presence of small artisanal workshops, bakery, printing works etc abounding in DRC in general and in Kinshasa in particular.

In addition, considering microphone-industries of transformation of the raw materials into consumer goods, it is constantly referred to the activities relating to the manufacture of the soaps, oils, the flours, painting etc

The volume of production of this sector largely increased, growth primarily due to the production of bakeries, wood and drink industries.

Paraphrasing professor Moussa Samb, a study of the ONUDI (February 1991) being based on realities sénégalaises revealed that the costs of certain factors of production (electricity, water, telephone, transport, etc) accounted for approximately 32,5% of the sales turnover of the industrial sector. The other elements to be taken into account are: the state of the production equipment, lack of competitiveness of the local products, legal and administrative environment, the existence of an abstract sector.

All these constraints, are added a very weak banking financing and prohibitory interest rates in a context however of surliquidity ^(44(*)).

We think that this situation, reflection of the underdevelopment is not clean in Senegal. It is also divided by the DRC insofar as on the level of the developed countries, the tertiary sector is essential more and more on the detriment of the secondary industry and especially of the primary sector. On the other hand, with regard to the countries under developed, as we will see it hereafter, it is the tertiary sector which is essential.

C. activities of the tertiary sector

The sector of the services remained the only one to have known a clear progression. The dynamism of the activities of the sector is explained by a duality more accentuated even Congolese economy, the unemployeds finding only the sector abstract like single exit point vis-a-vis the spiral of stressing of poverty.

This sector is consisted the activities producing of the services such as the trade, transport, the banks, the insurances, hotel trade, the sector of health and the other services under all their forms.

Speaking about the trade, it is made up small activities generally located apart from the borders of the orthodoxe economic activity insofar as although consisted ordinary and licit activities ; their exercise although under the extreme sun is considered illegal because of their nonrecording.

This nonrecording let us think we it, less holds with one negative will to escape the corpus swears into force than with an incapacity of the State and its administration to make apply light the lata deeply unsuited.

We thus note flowering and the exercise apart from any regulation of small activities : sale in detail of various consumer goods (cookie, let us bend, produced oil etc) to which we remove the character infractionnel because justified by the state of need ^(45(*)) which leads their authors to exert them.

Concerning the transport whose role is in particular to ensure the movements of the people, the goods as well as products etc to speak only about the road transport, the vehicles which work there are generally in bad condition and the comfort of the passengers is not always guaranteed. The exorbitant cost of consumable as well as the prohibitive price of legalization of documents handicap the development of this constrained sector to evolve/move in the abstract one.

As regards the traditional banks, inefficiente in their operation, the sector is nowadays flooded by the abstract commonly called change machines moneychangers. The latter are disseminated through the Republic and lend to needy money atan excessive rate which is often illegal.

As for the insurances, it is a question of stating nonofficial structures of redistribution in social matter. A long string of activities (protective sacking, gifts, rebates, sponsorship, etc) contribute for this purpose.

Lastly, hotel trade is as well present in the rural medium as urban where it is characterized by generally modest residences. The sector of health as for him, is competed by the traditional medicine which although offering services which sometimes leave something to be desired is accessible in the majority from the population unable to face the prohibitory cost of modern medicine.

Moreover, of the analysis of the activities of the susanalysés sectors ; it gets clear that they are exerted as well in a formal way as abstract.

For this reason, the distinction between formal sector and abstract sector are then justified less and less since the employees of the first cannot maintain their standards of living that by undertaking activities in the second it is the phenomenon of the pluri-activity of the employees, which is not besides the prerogative of the developing countries ; the duality of statute of the workers quasi-is thus generalized : as well in the abstract sector as in the modern sector, the employee devotes part of his time, its efforts and means of production of its owner (phenomenon of the wig) to carry out an independent activity which can come from there to represent, in its incomes, a part greater than the wages.

We get busy in the lines which follow to present the socio-economic contribution of the abstract activities.

* ⁽⁴²⁾ OF CLERCQ Mr., Synthesis of commercial law, ED. De Boeck, 11th ED., Brussels, 1988, p. 9.

* ⁽⁴³⁾ GOZO Mr. K., quoted by MOLA Me BOMPE E., abstract economy and its framing in Congo, Memory, UNIKIN, 1996-1997, p. 10.

* ⁽⁴⁴⁾ SAMB, Note of synthesis FOAMED on the economic and social development of Senegal, in http://enda.sn/doccentr/vigidoc/sn_intro.htm, 08-07-2002.

* ⁽⁴⁵⁾ The state of need is the crisis in which a person is who, to escape a danger which threatens it, or to save a third of an imminent danger, has of another resource only to commit an offense. To see NYABIRUNGU mwene SONGA, general criminal Law, ED. , Kinshasa, 1989, p.126-127.