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INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN (IRERIE)
(FRANCE)
REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN AFRICA
THE CASE OF THE UEMOA
MEMORY OF MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND
EUROPEAN
PRESENT BY TIEGO TIEMTORE
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PR OLIVIER BUIRETTE
DEDICATE
WITH MY PARENTS
WITH MY WIFE
WITH MY CHILDREN CHAMSSOUDINE AND MOHAMED
HAADY
ALL THOSE WHICH TAUGHT Me SOMETHING ON
GROUND OF THE MEN
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I - HISTORY
II - OPERATION AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE UEMOA
II.1 Them INSTITUTIONS
II.1.1 them bodies of direction
II.1.1.1 It Conference of the Heads of State and
Government
II.1.1.2 it the Council of Ministers
II.1.1.3 it Commission
II.1.2 - Bodies of jurisdictional
control
II.1.2.1 it the Court of Justice
II.1.2.2 it Court of Auditors
II.1.3 - Bodies of parliamentary control
It Interparliamentary Committee
II.1.4 - Consultative bodies
It Regional Consular Room
II.1.5 - Autonomous Specialized agencies
II.1.5.1 Banks it Central of the States of West Africa
II.1.5.2 Banks it Western African of Development
II.2 DEPARTMENTS
II.2.1 It Department of the economic policies
II.2.2 It Department of the tax policies, customs and
commercial
II.2.3 it Department of the structural funds and the
international co-operation
II-2-4 It Department of the social development
II.2.5 - The Department of the telecommunication and transport,
infrastructure, regional planning
II.2.6 It Department of the rural development and the
environment
II.2.7 It Department of energy, the mines, industry, the
craft industry and tourism
III BUILDING SITES OF THE UNION
III.1 - Convergences of the performances and the economic
policies of the States
III.2 - Coordination of the national sectoral policies
III.4 - harmonization of the legislations of the Member States
IV ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UNION SINCE
1994
IV.1 - Harmonization of the legislations
IV.2 - Multilateral Monitoring of the economic policies
IV.3 - Realization of the Common Market
IV.4 - Implementation of the sectoral policies
IV.5 - Financing of the development
IV.6 it communication
IV.7 - Institutional operation
IV.8 - Co-operation
V OUTLINES
V.1- the fight counters the persistence of the obstacles
V.2 -Reinforcement of the economic macro framework
V.3 - The management of the finance public
V.4 - The construction of the Common Market
V.5 - The organization of Community space
V.6 - Measurements of accompaniment and support to the process of
integration
V.7- The regional economic program (PER)
V.8- The regional Bank of solidarity (BRS)
CONCLUSION
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The UEMOA gathers eight Member States on a total surface of
3.509.610 km2 for a total population estimated at approximately 74
million inhabitants.
With an annual rate of inflation average of 2,9%, a real growth
rate of the GDP of 1,6%, a demographic growth rate from 2,8% and one
nominal GDP of 20 711,8 billion FCFA, the UEMOA belongs to large the whole
under regional African.
The Union was fixed like objectives at its creation :
- To reinforce the competitiveness of the economic activities and
financial of the Member States
within the framework of an open and
competing market and a rationalized legal environment
and
harmonized ;
- To ensure the convergence of the performances and the economic
policies of the États members
by the institution of a
procedure of multilateral monitoring ;
- To create between Member States a Common Market based on
freedom of movement of the people,
goods, services, capital and right
of establishment of the people exerting one
independent or paid
activity, like on a common external tariff and a policy
commercial ;
- To institute a coordination of the national sectoral policies
by the implementation of actions communes, and possibly, of common
policies in particular in the following fields human resources, regional
planning, agriculture, energy, industry, mines, transport, infrastructures
and telecommunications ;
- To harmonize, to the extent necessary with the correct
operation of the Common Market, them
legislations of the Member
States and particularly the mode of the taxation.
Compared with other experiments of integration under regional,
does the UEMOA draw its pin from the play, nearly one decade after its creation
in the context of the devaluation? What is worth its selected model of
integration ?
I HISTORY
UMOA A the UEMOA , A SO LONG WALK
The African Western Union Economic and Monetary
(UEMOA) was born on ashes from the African Western Monetary Union (UMOA)
created in 1962 at the same time as the Central Bank from the States from West
Africa (BCEAO).
The Union was created by the Treaty signed in Dakar on January
10, 1994 by the Heads of State and of
Government of the seven countries of West Africa having jointly
the use of a common currency, F CFA.
It is of Benign, Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast, of Mali, of
Niger, of Senegal and Togo.
The Treaty came into effect on August 1, 1994, after its
ratification by the Member States.
May 02, 1997, the Guinea-Bissau became the 8th Member State of
the Union.
The UEMOA is represented by a logo symbolizing the growth, the
union, solidarity and the complementarity between the Coastal states and the
States sahéliens.
The logo represents two dynamic and elliptic forms which in
spite of their specificities, intermingle to express two strong concepts,
the solidarity and the complementarity of the States and the people of the
Union.
This solidarity and this complementarity are ready to be released
in a movement from rise continue which will lead to economic blooming,
social and cultural of our populations respective.
The energy of the lianas of the forest is harmonized with the hot
and long-lived vibrations of the Sahel for to produce the sphere of
happiness illustrating the characteristics and the objectives of the UEMOA.
Natural resources and the material equipment (1/2 blue lower
sphere), even spiritual intellectual resources (1/2 gold sphere)
Lastly, the
white circle expresses the peace, the serenity and the stability which must
remain the points of anchoring of the process of integration of the UEMOA.
II FONCTIONNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE UEMOA
The operation of the UEMOA is articulated around the Presidency
of the Commission and directed Departments, each one, by a Police chief, named
by his country of origin.
The bodies of direction, advisory, of jurisdictional control,
parliamentary control and the autonomous Specialized agencies also take part in
the institutional system.
The whole of the Institution functions under the authority of the
President of the Commission.
This one takes care that constantly, the Commission exerts, with
the wanted effectiveness, the plenitude of its functions, with the prerogatives
and responsibilities which the Treaty of the UEMOA confers to him.
II.1 INSTITUTIONS
II.1.1 them bodies of direction
II.1.1-1 It Conference of the Heads of State and
Government
It is the supreme authority of the Union and section any question
not having been able to find solution by unanimous agreement of the Council of
Ministers. It decides possible adhesion of new members and takes note of the
withdrawal or the exclusion of the participants. It meets at least once per
annum and makes its decisions unanimously.
II.1.1-2 it the Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers lays down the monetary policy and
of credit of the Union in order to ensure the safeguard of the common currency
and to provide for the financing with the activity and the economic development
with the Member States. Each one of them is represented by two ministers, of
which the Minister for Finance, but each State lays out to with it only with
one voice. The BCEAO organizes the meetings of the Council of which it ensures
the Secretariat. The Governor of the BCEAO attends the meetings of the Council
with advisory voice. The Council meets at least twice a year and makes its
decisions unanimously. It rests with to him to modify the definition of the
monetary unit and consequently to determine the declaration of parity of the
currency of the Union to carry out at the International Monetary International
Monetary Funds.
II.1.1-3 it Commission
The Commission of the UEMOA exerts, for correct operation and of
the general interest of the Union, the capacity of execution, delegated by the
Council of Ministers.
It transmits to the Conference and the Council the
recommendations and opinion that it judges useful for the safeguarding and the
development of the Union,
It carries out the budget of the Union and can seize the Court of
Justice in the event of failure of the Member States to the obligations which
fall to them under the terms of the Community legislation.
The office of the Commission is in Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso.
II.1.2 - Bodies of jurisdictional
control
II.1.2 .1 it the Court of Justice
The Court of Justice takes care of the uniform interpretation of
the Community legislation and its application and judges, in particular, the
failures of the States to their «Community obligations». It relative
ensures the respect of the right to interpretation and with the application of
the Treaty of the UEMOA, referee the conflicts between the Member States or the
Union and its agents, it is made up judges, one by State, named for a six years
renewable mandate .Son seat is in Ouagadougou.
It is made up judges, one by State, named for a six years
renewable mandate.
It sits at Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso.
II-1-2 -2 it Court of Auditors
The Court of Auditors controls the accounts of the bodies of the
Union, and the reliability of the budgetary data necessary to the exercise of
the multilateral monitoring.
Three advisers are elected for six years renewable once.
II.1.3 - Bodies of parliamentary control
It Interparliamentary Committee, embryo of the future Parliament
of the Union
The Interparliamentary Committee exploits
an advisory part and of animation of the debates integration. It receives the
annual report of the Commission and is expressed in the form of reports/ratios
or of resolutions.
It precedes the Parliament of the Union which will be in charge
of the democratic control of the bodies of the Union.
It counts 40 members and meets at least once per annum.
Its seat is in Bamako in Mali
The members of the Parliament carry the title of «Deputies
to the Parliament of the UEMOA».
They will be elected by the direct vote for all, for one five
years duration, according to an electoral procedure which will be determined by
additional proceedings of the Conference, after consultation of the
Parliament.
They will exercise their mandate independently and cannot be
bound by instructions of any Member State.
The number of the Deputies by Member State, the methods of their
remuneration, the mode of eligibility like that of the incompatibilities, will
be fixed by an additional act of the Conference, after consultation of the
Parliament.
The Parliament elects its President among his members for one two
years duration and half.
The Parliament meets in two sessions.
The first session opens first Monday of February.
The second session, known as budgetary, opens second Monday of
October.
The Parliament can meet in extraordinary session, on an
order of
precise day, on convocation of its President, is at the request
of
President of the Council of Ministers, is at the request of the
2/3 of the Deputies at least, after information of the President of the Council
of Ministers.
The Parliament is seized by the united annual report of the Court
of Auditors of the UEMOA and the Courses of the Accounts of the Member States
on the evaluation of the systems of control of the accounts in force in the
Union.
In waiting of the election of the Deputies by the direct vote for
all, the Deputies at the Parliament are designated by the Legislative body of
each Member State.
The number of the Deputies is fixed at five per Member State and
the presidency of the Parliament is held by a Deputy arising of the State which
takes the presidency of the Conference.
II.1.4 - Consultative bodies
It Regional Consular Room
The Regional Consular Room is the privileged place of
dialog between the UEMOA and the principal economic operators. The Room,
Consultative body created by the Treaty of the Union, is charged to carry out
the effective implication of the sector deprived in the process of integration
of the UEMOA, by in particular:
it participation in the reflection on the process of integration
and in the implementation of the reforms stopped by the competent Authorities
of the Union;
- the technical support with the national Consular Rooms and its
other members.
- to its initiative or that of the Commission, the Room delivers
opinions on any question relating to the achievement of the objectives of the
Union, in particular the legislations commercial, tax, customs and social; the
trade negociations in which the Union takes part; the creation and the
operation of purses of value or trade, economic observatories; the economic
policy and monetary.
The Room gathers the national consular rooms, the trade
associations and the employers' organizations of the Member States.
The number of the representatives is fixed as it follows for each
Member State:
3 representatives of the consular institutions, 1
representative trade associations or employers' organizations of
industries; 1 representative of the trade associations or the employers'
organizations of the exporting importers/; 1 representative of the trade
associations of the banks and financial establishments ; 1 representative
of a trade association or an employers' organization of a sector indicated by
the national room of trade and industry among the sectors not quoted above.
Its seat is in Lome in Togo.
II.1.5 - Autonomous Specialized
agencies
II.1.5.1 Banks it Central of the States of West Africa (BCEAO)
The Central Bank of the States of West Africa (BCEAO) is
the Issuing house common to the eight Member States of the African Western
Monetary Union (UMOA). The BCEAO is an international publicly-owned
establishment whose seat is fixed in Dakar. In addition to the emission of the
currency symbols in the Member States of the Union of which it has the
exclusive privilege, the BCEAO has in load:
it centralization of the reserves of currencies of the Union
it management of the monetary policy of the Member States of the
Union
held it of the accounts of the (French) Treasury of the States of
the Union
it definition of the banking law applicable to the banks and the
financial establishments
The BCEAO enjoys the exclusive privilege of the monetary emission
on the whole of the Member States of the African Western Monetary Union.
It emits currency symbols, tickets and coins, which have legal
tender and legal tender capacity in the whole of the Member States of the
Union. Creation, the emission and the cancellation of the currency symbols are
decided by the Council of Ministers.
Notwithstanding the development of the scriptural means of
payment, the use of tickets and coins continue to occupy a relatively important
place in the transactions of the economic agents. The movements of bills
between the States are supported by the unicity of the currency symbols.
As regards impression, the Central Bank undertakes permanent
research relating to the authentification of the currency symbols, in order to
reinforce the safety of the tickets which it issues. It is within this
framework that it is advisable to register the decisions taken respectively in
1977, 1991et in 2002, aiming renewing and at supplementing the range of the
bills and the coins in circulation.
The Central Bank also has the role of managing the monetary
policy of the Member States of the Union. This monetary policy aims to:
- to adjust the total liquidity of the economy according to the
evolution of the economic situation, to ensure a price stability
- to promote the economic growth.
The organization and monitoring of banking
The Central Bank defines the regulation applicable to the banks
and financial establishments and exerts in their connection of the functions of
monitoring. Within this framework, the Commission Banking, created on April 24,
1990 and chaired by the Governor of the BCEAO, is charged to take care of the
organization and the control of the banking structure in the UMOA. The BCEAO
ensures the Secretariat-general of the Banking Commission.
The Central Bank assists, with their request, the Governments of
the States of the Union in their relationships to the financial and monetary
institutions international and in the negotiations which they undertake for the
concluding of international financial agreements. It can be in charge of the
execution of these agreements under the conditions fixed by the conventions
approved by the Board of directors. Being in particular the relations of the
States with the International Monetary International Monetary Funds, the
Central Bank ensures the role of financial agent, under the terms of the
provisions of the Convention of September 24, 1981 signed between it and the
Member States.
The Issuing house assists also the States in the fields of the
definition and the follow-up of the execution of the programmes of adjustment
as well as management of the debt. In particular, it assists the Governments in
the negotiations of rééchelonnement of their foreign debt. The
Issuing house also brings its contest in the design, the harmonization and the
application of texts relating to the regulation of the foreign financial
relations. It is within this framework in particular that it ensures, on behalf
of the States, the establishment of their balance of payments.
The Central Bank takes an active part in the reflections carried
out with the partners of the Free zone in the fields of the reform of the
insurances, the social welfare, the mobilization of the saving, the right of
the businesses, as well as economic observatory of the Free zone and regional
poles of formation.
The Central Bank developed a policy of formation with the profit
of its agents which it extended, thereafter, with the financial banks and
establishments, the economic and financial administrations of the Member
States, like with those of certain countries of the under-area. This formation
is ensured by the African Western Center of Formation and Banking Studies
(COFEB), located at the Head office of the BCEAO. The creation of this center
answered the need for harmonizing the management training of the banking
environment, and for bringing a more regional dimension there.
Since its creation in August 1977, the COFEB formed 1407 agents
distributed of 23 promotions, on behalf of the national Administrations (420),
of the Financial Banks and Etablissements (213), other Central Banks (10) and
BCEAO (764). The COFEB succeeds thus the Center of Formation of Abidjan which,
before, formed the executives of the BCEAO.
II.1.5.2 Banks it Western African of Development (BOAD)
The African Western Bank of Development (BOAD) is the common
institution of financing of the development of the States of the African
Western Monetary Union (UMOA), transformed into a African Western Union
Economic and Monetary (UEMOA) by Traité of January 10, 1994. It is
created by Traité signed on November 14, 1973 by its Member States. The
Member States of the BOAD are: the Benign one, Burkina, the Ivory Coast, Guinea
Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. In accordance with the Treaty of the
UEMOA come into effect on August 01, 1994, the BOAD is a common specialized
agency of the Union. It contributes «in all independence to the
achievement of the objectives of the UEMOA without damage of the objectives
which are assigned to him by the Treaty of the UMOA»
The BOAD is a publicly-owned establishment in international
matter which has as an aim, under Article 2 of its Statutes, «to promote
the balanced development of the Member States and to carry out the economic
integration of West Africa» by financing priority projects of rural
development, basic infrastructures, modern infrastructures, telecommunications,
energy, industries, transport, agricultural processing industries, tourism and
other services. Are members of the BOAD and take part in its capital and its
administration:
- Regular members of actions of Benign series
a:, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo and
the Central Bank of the States of West Africa (BCEAO), issuing house common to
the eight Member States;
them regular members of actions of series b:
France, Germany, European Union, the African Bank of Development
(BAD), the Kingdom of Belgium.
The capital subscribes of an amount of 350 billion F CFA set out
again between the shareholders of category A and those of category B to the
amount of 95,96% and 4,04% respectively.
The BOAD has in its center three specialized structures :
Cauris Investment SA, Guarantee funds of the Investments Deprived in West
Africa (GARI) and the Swiss Project of Use of the Funds (PUFS).
Cauris Investissement SA is the first joint stock company
Investment with sous-régionale vocation whose activity covers the eight
Member States of the Union.
All the branches of industry are eligible with
the interventions of Cauris Investissement SA except for the companies of
entertainment for adults and the companies of manufacture of weapons.
Cauris Investissement SA intervenes in own capital stocks
(capital or quasi-capital) in the companies having a strong profitability and
growth potential. Its interventions can take the following legal forms:simple
or privileged actions; convertible obligations or with goods of application for
shares; participative loans, accounts - currents of associates.
The activity at December 31, 2003, the interventions of Cauris
Investissement SA relate to participations in 40 operations for an amount of
5,9 billion F CFA.
Cauris Investissement SA takes participations to the amount of 10
to 250 million F CFA accounting for 10 to 35% of the authorized capital of the
company.
The average duration of intervention generally ranges between 4
and 8 years under the terms of which the shares of Cauris Investissement SA are
repurchased, either by the former shareholders, or by introduction out of
purse, or by transfer with thirds in full agreement with the majority
shareholders. Throughout all partnership, the person in charge for the file
remains with the listening of the company and brings support and council with
the Head of undertaking for the decisions of strategic nature without involving
itself in the daily management of the company.
Constituted on the initiative of international organizations of
development, joining together Trade banks and financial establishments
established in the Economic Community of the States of West Africa, the
Guarantee funds of the Investments Deprived in West Africa (GARI) has as an
ambition to facilitate the access of the private companies of the area with the
financings in the medium and long term, by the division, with the credit
institutions, of the risks related to these operations. Gari is a limited
company whose seat is located in Lome.
The countries of intervention are firstly the eight members of
the Union and incidentally all the other members of
CEDEAO.
The eligible companies are those concerning the
private sector and carrying on their activities in the following fields:
manufacturing industry, agricultural processing industry, fishing, mines,
tourism, Construction industries, transport, hotel trade, agriculture.
The guarantee is delivered in the currency of the loan, for one
duration maximum 10 years.
The maximum share is fixed at 50% of the loan
authorized by the credit institution. In the event of simultaneous recourse
with other guarantee funds, the cover rate cumulated is reached a maximum to
60% of incur in the main thing of the loan.
To be eligible, the secured
credits must reach, except particular cases, an amount equal to against value
of 100 million FCFA.
Gari has just extended its activities to the guarantee of the
operations of lifting of resources on the financial markets and monetarists
thorough.
The Swiss Project of Use of the Funds (PUFS) is a cell of
Coordination installation within the BOAD within the framework of the
agreements concluded between the Bank and the Government from the Swiss
Confederation on December 20, 1993, to be used as point of application for the
implementation of the Swiss financial assistance in favor of the countries of
the UEMOA. The PUFS became operational in January 1994. Its principal objective
is to accompany an experimental process of intervention by the BOAD in favor of
the basic organizations (OB) by financing the operations in the form of subsidy
and of credit.
The OB are the groupings, associations of development,
co-operatives, etc legally recognized and carrying on activities in the sectors
of the rural development, the craft industry, the microfinance, etc.
The Swiss Project of Use of the Funds (PUFS) supports operations
of development at base (ODB) in general comprising two main categories of
components: generating activities of incomes and employment (AGR/E) or
activities profitable and measurements of accompaniment to reinforce the
capacities of organization and management of the OB and their activities in
social matter.
The components in social matter are for example health,
education, the drinking water supply of the populations. They contribute in
particular to the qualitative improvement of the living conditions of the
populations.
The PUFS cannot finance operations exclusively limited to
measurements of accompaniment and the social sector, including in a program of
development. On the other hand, it can support operations in the form of credit
with 100% (generally within the framework of a program of development
cofinanced with other financial partners).
The PUFS is opened with the cofinancing of ODB with other
financial partners in order to increase the action leverage of its
interventions, to exchange experiments within the framework of integrated
programs of development.
The office plurality of the resources mobilized by the Bank since
the starting of its operational activities into 1976 rises, at December 31,
2003, 341 billion FCFA, including 317 billion resources of loan and 24 billion
nonrefundable contests.
II.2 Them DEPARTMENTS
There are seven Departments within the commission with like first
person in charge, a Police chief.
II.2.1 - The Department of the economic
policies
The Police chief in charge of the Department of the Economic
policies ensures coordination and the implementation of common policies of the
Union, in the fields hereafter:
- harmonization of the legal and countable framework of the
finance public;
- policy and practical budgetary of the Member States of the
Union;
- economic analyzes;
- multilateral monitoring of the convergence and the performances
of the policies macro-economic;
- definition of the values of reference of the quantitative
criteria for the rules of convergence;
- follow-up of the domestic debt and external of the Member
States;
- follow-up and assistance with the Member States, within the
framework of the management and the negotiation of the policies of structural
adjustment;
- follow-up of the monetary policy;
follow-up of the implementation of the freedom of circulation of
capital ;
follow-up of the financial markets;
- compilation of economic statistics and the Community code of
the investments.
II.2.2 It Department of the tax policies, customs
and commercial
The harmonization of the tax policies, customs and commercial is
led by the Department of the Tax policies, Douanières and Commercial.
The Police chief in charge of the Department of the Tax policies,
Customs and Commercial ensure coordination and the implementation of
common policies of the Union, in the fields hereafter:
harmonization of the interior, direct and indirect taxations;
marketing policies;
compete with;
promotion of intracommunity trade;
preferential treatment of the intra-Community trade;
harmonization of the taxations of door;
common external tariff;
plate and share of the taking away;
liquidation of the compensations of the losses of receipts;
development and management of an antidumping code;
development and management of a code of the evaluation in
customs;
compilation of commercial statistics;
follow-up of the implementation of the right of establishment and
freedoms of circulation of the people, the goods and the services.
II.2.3 it Department of the structural funds and the
international co-operation
The Police chief in charge of the Department of the Structural
Funds and the International Co-operation ensures coordination and the
implementation of common policies of the Union, in the fields hereafter:
- coordination of the management of the structural
Funds;
- search for financing of the projects and programs of
integration, in connection with the President of the Commission;
- follow-up of the institutional co-operation with CEDEAO and the
African Western Intergovernmental Organizations;
- follow-up of the relationships to the African Union and the
programs of the NEPAD;
- management of the co-operation with the European Union;
- coordination and followed files relating to the co-operation
with the multilateral partners (African Bank of Development, Banks Islamic of
Development, United Nations for Agriculture and the Food, Fonds International
for the Agricultural Development, International Monetary International Monetary
Funds, the World Bank, etc) and bilateral (France, Netherlands, the United
States of America, etc), except with regard to the technical aspects concerned
with the other Departments;
- follow-up of the preparation of the draft agreements of
co-operation between the Union and the partners bilateral and multilateral.
II.2.4 It Department of the social
development
The Police chief in charge of the Department of the Social
Development ensures the development, the coordination and the follow-up of
common sectoral policies, of Community action plans, in the fields
hereafter:
- higher education;
- vocational training;
- health;
- promotion of the role of the woman in regional
integration;
- arts, culture and new technologies.
II.2.5 It Department of the telecommunication and
transport, infrastructure, regional planning
The Police chief ensures the development, the coordination and
the follow-up of common sectoral policies of the Union, in the fields
hereafter:
- Community regional planning;
- opening-up of the Member States;
- fight counters the regional disparities;
- infrastructures;
- transport;
- telecommunications
II.2.6 It Department of the rural development and
the environment
The Police chief in charge of the Department of the Rural
Development and the Environment ensures the development, the coordination and
the follow-up of common sectoral policies of the Union, in the fields
hereafter:
- agriculture and breeding;
- fishing and sylviculture;
- food self-sufficiency and safety;
- control of water;
- afforestation;
- fight counters the dryness;
- fight counters the turning into a desert and coastal
erosion;
- protection of the natural resources in biodiversity;
- improvement of the environment in mediums rural and
urban.
II.2.7 It Department of energy, the mines, industry,
the craft industry and tourism
The Police chief in charge of the Department of Energy, the
Mines, Industry, the Craft industry and Tourism ensures the development, the
coordination and the follow-up of common sectoral policies of the Union, in the
fields hereafter:
- promotion of the interconnection of the electrical supply
networks;
- promotion of new and renewable energies;
- development and followed implementation of a Community
industrial policy, a Community mining policy;
- definition of the rules relating to the patent rights and
standardization;
- development of a Community code of the mines;
- safety and optimization of the supplies hydrocarbons;
- promotion of the craft industry;
- promotion of tourism;
- promotion of the private sector and competitiveness.
It, moreover, is charged, in relation to the President of the
Commission, the coordination and the follow-up of the activities of the
Regional Consular Room.
III THEM BUILDING SITES OF THE UNION
As of its creation, the Union built its integrating project
around large axes, which constitute building sites in perpetual
construction.
As its name indicates it, the UEMOA chose the form of the
integration, most thorough. Indeed, the economic Union creates a regional
economic area really unified where not only the goods but also the people and
the capital can circulate freely. It for this reason requires the harmonization
of many regulations and a co-operation in the field of the economic macro
policy.
Integration is carried out mainly through four building
sites : the coordination of the national macroeconomic policies, the
installation of a Common Market (customs union where prevail freedom of
movement of the people of the services, the capital and the right of
establishment), harmonization and the cleansing of the economic regulations,
the implementation of the sectoral policies.
III.1 - Convergences of the performances
and the economic policies of the States
The Union fixed criteria of first and second rank to be respected
by its members for a better convergence of the performances and economic
policies.
The institution of the multilateral monitoring makes it possible
the Member States to exert their right of mutual glance on their economic
policies in order to face, in time, serious possible macro-economic imbalances
prejudicial with monetary stability.
The criteria of first rank are :
it ratio basic net budgetary position brought back to the nominal
GDP
it average annual inflation rate which should not exceed 3%
it ratio of incur domestic debt and external brought back to the
GDP (less than 80%)
it under-criterion of not-accumulation of postponed interiors
payment on management of
current period
The criteria second-rate are :
it ratio of the wage bill on the revenues from taxes for a
Community standard of 35,0% maximum
it ratio of the public investments financed on internal resources
brought back to the revenues from taxes (Community standard of 20% minimum)
it ratio of the external balance running except gifts brought
back to the GDP for a Community standard of a deficit not having to exceed
5%.
it tax pressure ratio for a Community standard of 17% minimum
III.2 - Coordination of the national
sectoral policies
This coordination passes by the implementation of common actions
and possibly of common policies in the principal spheres of the economic
activity.
Thus, the concerns quickly turned around the programs Community
energetics, the common industrial policy, of the agricultural policy of the
Union, the Community policy of improvement of the environment.
III.4 - harmonization of the
legislations of the Member States
To the extent necessary to the correct operation of the Common
Market, the orientations of the Conference of the Heads of State and Government
in the field of the harmonization of the legislations aim raising the obstacles
related to the maladjustment of the legal and tax framework of the economic
activity and at supplementing the monetary policy of the States by the creation
of an integrated regional money market.
The Customs union of the UEMOA is characterized by:
it freedom of movement of the originating products approved
inside the Union;
- the installation of a Common external tariff
including/understanding a tariff and statistical nomenclature, a categorization
of the products, a tariff structure.
- freedom of movement of the approved originating products
IV THEM ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UNION SINCE
1994
IV.1 - Harmonization of the legislations
With the title of the harmonization of the legislations, after
the adoption by the Council of Ministers, in 1997 and 1998, of the Directives
carrying harmonization of the legal, countable framework and statistics of the
finance public, then into 2000 of a Code of transparency in the management of
the finance public in the UEMOA, as well as Decision carrying adoption of the
document of design of the project of reform of the public markets, the
Commission engaged in the implementation of actions likely to facilitate the
application of the adopted texts and the continuation of the building sites.
The reform of the public markets entered its operational phase in
2003, with the recruitment of a specialist in making in the public markets, in
the capacity as Assistant
technique near the Commission within the framework of the first
phase of the Program of
Reform Public Markets (PRMP), the organization of periodic
meetings of dialog with the World Bank and the BAD.
The implementation of the programme of harmonization of the
interior indirect taxations is
continued until 2003, with the finalization of the study on the
management and methods of assessment of the tax exemptions.
The Commission could as well carry out a certain number of
actions within the framework of
consolidation of the Customs union, come into effect on January
1, 2000, that in the setting in
work of the common marketing policy.
The very appreciable increase in the requests for compensation
made it possible to note clear
evolution with the rise of the number of exchanged products, as
well as their quantities and values.
Thus, at equal price, the economic operators supply themselves
more and more on the market
union.
Measurements of accompaniment of the Customs union relate to the
compensation of depreciations of customs receipts and the harmonization of the
customs instruments.
For the period going of 1998 to 31 December 2003, assembling it
cumulated compensation of depreciations of customs receipts rose to 85,3
billion F CFA.
The harmonization of the customs instruments was made effective
with the application, since January 1, 2003, the new version of the Harmonized
System adopted by the Council of the World Organization of Customs (OMD) in
June 1999.
On the level of the studies and statistics, the Union
obtained innovative instruments.
- The note on the Harmonized Index of the Prices Consumer
(IHPC)
The monthly notes on the Harmonized Index of the Prices Consumer
(IHPC) were
regularly worked out and diffused electronically in the Member
States. They are
also published on the site of the UEMOA.
- The statistical directory of the UEMOA
Since the development of the first edition of the statistical
directory of the UEMOA in 2001, two other editions were carried out, on the
basis of correction and additive introduced by the Member States.
- The bulletin of economic situation
Three end-of-term reports of economic situation were elaborate.
Their diffusion was limited to
Commission.
Within the framework of the activities of project PARSTAT
relating to the development of an Index of
Industrial production (IPI), of a note of economic situation and
a data base on
competitiveness, of harmonized methodologies of calculation of
the IPI and the National survey of
the Opinion on Economic situation (ENHOC) were produced and
validated in 2002 and 2003.
On the basis of these methodology, a list of indicators of the
economic situation for the production of the dashboard and the note of regional
economic situation was drawn up.
The Payment n°11/2002/CM/UEMOA of bearing 19 September
2002 adoption of the methods
of calculation of the Interior Product Gross (GDP) in the Member
States of the UEMOA entered in
strength on January 1, 2003. Since this date, the countries work
out their GDP according to this method for calculation.
Thus in the chapter of the harmonization and the cleansing
of the economic regulations in particular the programme of harmonization of the
direct taxations interior, of many assets are to be raised of which
introduction and harmonization of the value-added tax (VAT). In addition to
reform relating to the rationalization of the taxation by the generalization of
the VAT in the various Member States of the UEMOA, two draft Directives were
elaborate in 2001. It is about the draft Directive relating to the tax of the
petroleum products within the UEMOA and the draft Directive carrying mode
harmonized of the installment on taxes sitting on the benefit.
In prelude to the customs union, a transitory preferential
treatment is applied since July 97. It marked an important progress in the
revival of the economy of the States through the development of the
intra-Community trade by « the combined effect of a tariff
dismantling interns and the blocking of any rearmament of the taxation of
door ». « In addition to the traditional craft industry and
unprocessed products which circulate in any frankness from the rights and
taxes, 2196 approved products manufactured by 509 companies of the Member
States circulate on the territory of the community under the mode of the
Community preferential tax (TPC) with a reduction of 5% » indicates
the report/ratio 2003 of the commission of the marketing policies and
customs.
Much more, like initially agreed, the common external tariff
(tce) came into effect following the installation in 1998 of the customs
union.
Among the other assets of the harmonization of the legislations,
one can quote :
implemented it, since January 1, 1998, of the African Western
Countable System
(SYSCOA);
- adoption of a payment instituting the African Western Countable
Council and the Permanent Council of the countable profession;
- adoption of a directive carrying legal status of the Approved
Centers of Management;
- adoption of a directive carrying Budgetary and Chart of
accounts Nomenclature of the State;
- adoption of a directive carrying harmonization of the excise
duties;
- adoption of a regulation on the financial relations foreign of
the Member States of the UEMOA, to facilitate freedom of movement of the
capital;
- adoption of a Code of transparency in the management of the
finance public with
center of the UEMOA;
- adoption of measurements relating to the fight against the
whitening of the capital and the financing of terrorism;
- adoption of a Directive on the harmonization of the taxes on
the petroleum products;
it creation of the Regional Council of the Public saving and the
Financial Markets and the Regional exchange of the Transferable Securities
(BRVM) in Abidjan.
IV.2 Multilateral monitoring of the economic
policies
The efforts of multilateral monitoring of the macroeconomic
policies allowed
creation of the National Committees of Economic policy (CNPE),
connected to the Commission and the BCEAO by Internet network: each CNPE
produces from now on a national report/ratio on the evolution of the economic
and financial situation of the State and on the economic policies
implemented.
The strengthening of the institutions of the National Institutes
of Statistics, the adoption of a Harmonized Index of the Prices Consumer
(IHPC), the publication of the regional index of the prices the consumer, in
the form of monthly and semi-annual notes, the development and publication of
semi-annual reports/ratios of execution of the multilateral monitoring (eight
reports/ratios were elaborate since July 1997), the adoption of a Pact of
convergence, stability, growth and solidarity within the UEMOA, the adoption
and evaluation of multiannual programmes of convergence of the Member States
and the methods of calculation of the Intérieur product gross (GDP) also
constitute notable projections.
IV.3 Realization of the Common Market
The installation of this common external tariff materializes the
departure of the common foreign policy. The tce constitutes with the TPC the
essential components of the customs union. Come into effect since January 1,
2000 the tce is the sum of three permanent rights : customs duty, the
statistical royalty at the single rate of 1% without exemption, Community
taking away of solidarity at the single rate of 1%. « It pursues
three principal goals with knowing the will of opening of space UEMOA towards
outside, the protection of the Community production, the fight against the
deflection of trade » the experts of the UEMOA specify.
The application of 1 July 1996, of the preferential tariff system
allowed the immediate lifting of all the nontariff barriers blocking the
exchanges between the States ; authorizing blow, freedom of movement, in
any frankness from all duties and taxes import,
unprocessed products and craft industry, with a reduction of 30%,
duties and taxes import for the approved originating industrial products.
This tariff system offered a reduction of 5%, import duties and
taxes for the originating industrial products not approved, an abatement of 60%
for the approved originating industrial products.
From January 1, 1999, an abatement of 80% of the import duties,
for the industrial products originating not approved and an integral tariff
disarmament in 100% for the approved originating industrial products.
The implementation of the Common external tariff gradually will
involve the lowering of the rate of the customs duty to 30%, maximum except
statistical royalty, of July 1 at December 31, 1998; to 25%, maximum except
statistical royalty, of January 1 at December 31, 1999.
Since January 1, 2000, the rate of customs duty of 20%, maximum,
to which the Statistical Royalty (1%) and the Community Taking away of
Solidarity (1%) are added;
The Treaty envisaged the temporary and automatic compensation, by
stages until December 31, 2005, of depreciations of customs receipts undergone
by the States because of application of the preferential tariff system.
Between 1998 and 2003, tariff nomenclatures were harmonized;
unified models of declarations were put in circulation, after the adoption of a
Community legislation of competition and Book I of the code of the customs of
the UEMOA.
IV-4 : Implementation of the sectoral policies
The sectoral policies provided for in the Treaty translate
the will of the Authorities of
union to ensure the conditions of a balanced and durable
development of the States
members. The adopted Community policies relate to them
specifically
fields of industry, the mines, the craft industry, transport,
agriculture, of
the energy and of the Community regional planning. Their
implementation
be carried out gradually in dialog with the Member States.
Because of extended from the field which the whole of the
projects and programs covers
Community elaborate starting from these common policies, only
programs
integrators and of which feasibility is proven are retained with
the Economic Program
Regional for financing.
it political common mine
The common mining policy according to the additional Act N°
01/2000 of December 2000
lay down the general objectives of the mining industrial policy,
under the terms of which the industrial and mining policy will aim:
- the emergence of powerful companies, including Community, ready
to satisfy competitive conditions the domestic demand, to face international
competition and to support the social progress;
it valorization of the
resources agricultural, pastoral, halieutics and mines of the States of the
Union;
- intensification of the intersector trade flows;
- harmonization
of the lawful executives of the industrial activities and mining, in particular
development of a Community code of the investments;
it economic and social
development balanced various areas of the Union.
it diversification of the mining production, the transformation
on the spot of the mineral substances
To achieve its goals, the Common Mining Policy is articulated
around the following programs:
- harmonization of the lawful executives;
it promotion of the
mining sector;
installation it of a sous-régional system of
information géominières;
it reinforcement of the capacities of
the institutional structures and scientific research;
it development of the
intra-African exchanges of mining products;
it safeguarding of the
environment;
- the incentive with the research and the exploitation of
hydrocarbons.
- the acceleration of the development of the mineral substances,
the creation and reinforcement of local industries of transformation;
- the emergence of powerful and competitive local companies
private;
- the access to the financing to accelerate the mining development
in the Union;
The development of the Community Mining Code and the creation
of an Information system Géominières (SIG-UEMOA) are at present
on the agenda.
This device will make it possible to create a mining observatory
for the Member States of the UEMOA.
- The agricultural policy of the Union (PAU)
Adopted in December 2001, the agricultural policy of the Union
leaves the report of the strategic place of the agricultural sector in the
economy of the State members of the Union and the fundamental role which is
assigned to him to nourish the populations and to reduce poverty in
rural medium.
Need for promoting within the Member States a durable agriculture
more
productive and more competitive, allowing to improve food safety
of the populations, by an adequate degree of self-sufficiency, and to raise the
standard of living of the farmers and their incomes; to reconquer the domestic
market and to insert the large dies of production in the world market, by
improving their competitiveness vis-a-vis competition of third countries,
in order to reduce poverty and the food dependence in the Union
and its Member States the adoption of PAU justified.
The Agricultural Policy of the Union covers the whole of the
activities of agriculture, the forestry, the breeding and fishing. It applies
to all the agricultural produce, definite in the broad sense as being the whole
of the products resulting directly from these activities and those resulting
from a transformation essential to a first use
The Agricultural Policy of the Union aims to contribute, in a
durable way, with the satisfaction of the food needs for the population, with
the economic and social development of the Member States and with the reduction
of poverty, while allowing:
- to carry out food safety, by reducing the food dependence of
the Union and by improving operation of the markets of the agricultural
produce;
- to improve the living conditions of the agricultural producers,
by developing the rural economy and by revalorizing their income and their
social status.
The Regional Special Program for Food Safety (PSRSA) in
the Member States of UEMOA (PSRSA) financed with height of 84
million US dollars, is nearly 60 billion F CFA was concretized by the following
activities the realization of four studies to the tax, tariff and non-tariff
measures,
governing the production and the marketing of the agricultural
produce, the legislations plant health, the zoo-medical legislations and the
evaluation of the legal and institutional framework of the medical safety of
food and food control.
The degraded situation of the market of cotton involved a strong
mobilization of certain cotton producing States of the area, which led the
Commission of the UEMOA to organize in June 2003, in Ouagadougou, a ministerial
meeting of regional dialog on the difficulties of the die cotton in zone
UEMOA.
The Benign one, Burkina, Mali, and with a degree the less Ivory
Coast and Senegal are among the largest African cotton producers.
The question of cotton will have to materialize before 2005 by
the creation of Funds of rescue of cotton by the Union with the support has
BOAD.
Program it Energy Community (PEC)
The Commission of the UEMOA carried out, during the year 1996, of
the investigations near the principal actors of the energy sector in the seven
Member States of the Union in order to work out the draft of a Community Energy
Program.
The first Council of Ministers, in charge of the Energy of the
Member States of the UEMOA, met in April 1997 in Bamako (Mali) adopted a
Community Energy Program (PEC) articulating itself around the following axes:
- harmonization of the legislative and lawful executives
governing the energy sector in order to achieve the goals of the Union, in
particular competitiveness unification of national spaces;
installation it
of a planning system energy integrated, essential tool for the definition of a
common energy policy;
- the acceleration of the interconnection of the
electrical supply networks which is an at the same time economic and political
stake;
it promotion of New and Renewable Energies which must be a lever of
our economic and social development;
- the rational use of energy;
it
rationalization of the consumption of energy drawn from the biomass;
installation it of a Community system of procurement of oil products
liquidate and gas;
it change in the modes of production and consumption of
energy and the introduction of corrective measurements into the strategies for
the safeguarding of the environment and a durable development;
- improvement of the business management of the sector as well as
the organisational systems to support the access to the money markets.
Each State appointed the National Correspondent of the PEC which
is the focal point of the ad hoc Committee controlled by the country, as well
as the experts of their spring for the various committees.
Thus, the drafts of terms of reference for the whole of the
short-term actions were elaborate.
Reacting vis-a-vis the energy crisis which marked the
under-sector of electricity in the majority of the Member States, the
Commission organized in 1998, a circular mission of dialog with the persons in
charge for the sector in the States for the extraordinary meeting holding of
the Ministers in charge of Energy.
In 2002, the Union adopted Terms of Reference for:
- the study of supply hydrocarbons of the Member States of the
UEMOA;
- the study of the possibilities of development of the rural
electrification in the Member States of the UEMOA;
- the study of the
Community strategy of promotion of New and Renewable Energies - the study of
the revival of the Regional Center of Solar energy of Bamako;
installation
it of an energy planning system integrated;
- the study of the Community
strategy of domestic energies.
- Common Industrial Policy (PEAK)
A document entitled «project of orientation for the
definition of a Common Industrial Policy within the UEMOA» was prepared.
On the basis of this document, the process of definition of the
Common Industrial Policy (PEAK) was launched. The first stage already carried
out was the organization of a sous-régional workshop. This workshop made
it possible to define the strategic priorities of the Union as regards Common
Industrial Policy.
The directing axes of this policy were thus stopped:
it common vision of the industrial future of the under-area is
founded on the hope that in the long run, the Convention countries will be able
to become together «significant actors of universalization» through a
durable industrial development;
compete with it: as regards
«competition», it is a question of fully exploiting the impulse given
by the establishment of a regional Common Market to create a climate favorable
to free plan of a fair competition;
- solidarity: the
UEMOA includes/understands eight country whose industrial development is
unequal. It is appropriate thus that are set up of the instruments of special
actions in favor of the most underprivileged countries. These instruments could
be in particular programs of infrastructures. Also «the policy of
solidarity» must it be based on a policy of regional planning;
- co-operation: it is based on the fact that the States
and the companies must cooperate with the installation of effective
institutions and modern mechanisms of information allowing to gather and
diffuse the economic situation, technological and commercial which our
operators need to seize new opportunities, to improve their products and to
reinforce their competitiveness. It must stimulate partnerships between
economic operators and facilitate trade agreements and financial with other
African companies, the multinationals operating in Africa and foreign
investors. It must also contribute to improve the international image of the
countries of the UEMOA.
- The shutter promotion of quality
In order to facilitate the regional integration of the UEMOA and
to contribute to the integration of
under-area in the world economy in full change, it is essential
to cause
near the economic actors a major passion for the quality of their
services and
products, obligatory way for a successful access of the African
economies to the markets
international increasingly competing and demanding.
This ambition imposes vast programs of sensitizing on the modern
concepts of
management and of the quality control at the place of the
economic actors, like one
reinforcement of the national and regional infrastructures of
support to quality.
The activities led as regards promotion of quality related to the
reinforcement of
national structures of support and formation of competences in
program quality
(consultants, listeners, persons in charge in companies, actors
of the movements and associations
consumers...).
The purpose of the formations are to place a pool of expertise in
quality at the disposal:
- companies in order to accompany them and to assist them in
their step of certification
ISO 9000;
- organizations certifiers so that they have national competences
able of
to lead to certification the companies according to the reference
frame ISO 9000 relating to the systems
of quality assurance.
The major objective of the Program in the Accréditation
shutter is the creation of the Secretariat
Regional of Accreditation (SRA). The Commission, with the
technical support of the ONUDI, works for the progressive installation of the
SRA. For this purpose, of the contacts were
benches with international organizations of accreditation (ILAC
«International Laboratory
Accreditation Corporation «and International IAF
«Accreditation Forum») at the time of
General assemblies annual behaviors in September 2002 in Berlin
in Germany and
September 2003 in Bratislava as Slovakia.
An Agreement was concluded between the UEMOA and the French
Committee from Accreditation (COFRAC) and
will lead to the delivery of joint accreditations SRA/COFRAC,
which would allow one
immediate recognition of accreditations SRA on a world level. The
signature of
the Agreement was reached in November 2003 with the seat of the
Bodies with Ouagadougou.
In a specific way, the subroutine relating to «the promotion
of exports» is in
part taken of load by the «program of installation of a
system of accreditation, of
standardization and of promotion of Quality «.
- Craft industry
The Conference of the Heads of State and Government of the UEMOA
adopted on December 19
2001, the Additional Act instituting the craft industry among the
sectoral policies of the Union. One
Recommendation relating to the implementation of the Community
matter Program
of Craft industry (PCA) was also taken by the statutory Council
of Ministers. The activities devoted to the implementation of the PCA, concern
in particular:
it development of suitable mechanisms of financing;
it sales promotion of the products of the craft industry;
- the installation of a sous-régional information system
on the craft industry;
- harmonization of the lawful executives of the activities of the
craft industry.
Moreover, an agreement of association between the UEMOA and the
Republic of Guinea in
field of the craft industry was finalized in 2003.
Other cooperation agreements are being negotiated with in
particular UNESCO, the Intergovernmental Agency of the Francophonie (AIFF) and
the Center International Trade (CCI).
The Commission of the UEMOA requested the
contest of the Center of International Trade
(CCI) for the realization of a study on the development and the
promotion of exports
products of the craft industry.
Actions of financing were brought near the Commission of the
Union
European and of the Intergovernmental Agency of Francophonie
(AIFF) for
the organization of a workshop of validation of this study.
The Commission of the UEMOA granted a subsidy to the organization
of the Living room
International of the Craft industry for Woman (SAFEM) of Niger,
in the form of «price UEMOA» to allot to women artisanes amenable to
the Member States of the Union.
The Commission of the UEMOA collaborates with the International
Labor Office (the ILO) for
installation of a sous-régional information system on the
craft industry. Actions are in
run in the Member States, in particular with regard to the
purchase of equipment
data processing, the constitution of data banks and the
installation of committees charged
animation of the network at the national level. It is within this
framework that the ILO equipped Burkina
Faso, Mali, Niger and computer equipement Senegal of. An action
was brought
near the European Commission for the financing of a study on the
evaluation of
information system under regional on the craft industry.
The harmonization of the lawful executives of the activities of
the craft industry will be finalized with creation in 2005 of the Priority
Mutual aid funds (FSP) financed by the French Ministry of the Foreign Affairs.
it transport
The road Program 1 (PR-1) relates to the actions relating to work
of rehabilitation to
to carry out to the Bamako-Ouagadougou-Accra corridor and the
actions and measures of facilitation of
transport and of the transit truck drivers on the corridors
Bamako-Ouagadougou-Accra and Niamey-
Ouagadougou-Accra.
This program covers 1.050 km of roads of which 900 km are
concerned with the financing
FAD, already acquired. It will allow the construction of two
checkpoints juxtaposed the borders between Mali and Burkina Faso (axis
Kolo-Hèremankono) and between Ghana and Burkina Faso (axis Paga-Po). It
will be financed by the FAD through its resources for the operations in
multinational matter and other backers, in particular the BOAD, the European
Union, the IDA, Danish Development Agency (DANIDA) and the three countries
concerned (Burkina, Ghana and Mali).
Estimated cost HT of the whole of program PR-1 rises to 150
billion F CFA.
In the field of air transports, the process of creation of Funds
of
development of Air transport (FTA) is being prepared advanced;
the texts y
relating will be presented for validation to the sectoral experts
and the Council of Ministers
responsible for Transport and with the statutory Council from
here the end of 2005.
- Arts, culture and new technologies
By decision No 0180/2003/P.COM/UEMOA of 28 February 2003, bearing
creation and
organization of the Commission departments of the UEMOA, it was
created within
Department of the Social Development, a Direction of Arts,
Culture and News
Technologies. The Commission thus materializes its will to take
into account dimension
cultural of the regional development and guard with the spirit
economic stakes related to
promotion of these three fields of sectoral policies. The new
direction is in the train
to gradually set up itself with the recruitment of a Senior staff
charged with
Cultural affairs in 2003.
Other adopted texts gave a blow of accelerator to the
sectoral policies. One can quote :
- adoption of a common program of the infrastructures and road
transport
UEMOA, which made it possible to mobilize 484 additional billion
F CFA for the financing of the foreground program 2002-2007;
- adoption of a Community action plan on the promotion of the
generic essential drugs and the improved traditional drugs, the local
manufacture of essential drugs and the quality control, to improve the
accessibility of the populations of the Union to care of quality;
- adoption of an action plan for the installation of a system
under regional
of information on employment and the formation;
it launching of a programme of support for the formation and
research with 64
recipients of the eight Member States for one academic year and
this, since 2001.
IV.5 Financing of the development
The creation of the Funds of Assistance to the Regional
Integration of Member States (FAIR), within the framework of the installation
of structural funds provided for in the Treaty.
This Funds is intended for the financing of the balanced
installation of the Community territory, while contributing to the reduction of
the regional disparities.
A program of interventions covering the eight Member States and
the allowances
resources of a total amount of 118 billion francs CFA, over the
period 2002-2006, were adopted.
The Treaty of the UEMOA, in its article 58, instituted a
transitory system of compensation
depreciations of customs receipts undergone by certain Member
States, because of setting
in place of the Customs union. Pursuant to the provisions of the
aforesaid article, a Taking away
Community of Solidarity (GCV) was n°04 set up by article 16
of the Additional Act n°04/96 of 10 May 1996 instituting a transitory
preferential tariff system exchanges at
center of the UEMOA and its mode of financing.
With the aim of ensure a perennial financing of the process of
integration, mainly
by own resources and holding account at the same time resources
available and those
necessary to the protected execution of the Work programme of the
Union, the Conference of
Heads of State and Government, by Additional Act n° 07/99 of
December 08, 1999, has
statement, to count on January 1, 2000, from 0,50 to 1% the rate
of the GCV, the only resource
clean of the Union implemented, since July 1996.
At December 31, 2003, the amount of the GCV transferred with the
Union by the Member States rises with
140 billion F CFA.
The products of the GCV transferred by the Member States of the
UEMOA were used like
follows:
- Equipment of the Funds of Compensation of Depreciations of
Customs Receipts for 85,3 billion F CFA, is 60,93%. The amount received by
country is presented as follows: Benign 9,4 billion F CFA, Burkina Faso 15,8
billion FCFA, Ivory Coast 6,1 billion F CFA , Guinea- Bissau 1,31 billion
F CFA, Mali 21,6 billion F CFA , Niger 24,3 billion F CFA, Senegal 9,5
billion F CFA and Togo 3,8 billion F CFA.
- Equipment of the Funds of Assistance to Regional Integration
(FAIR) for 9,9 billion F CFA.
- Equipment of the Reserve funds for 200 million F CFA.
- Financing of the Budgets of the Bodies of the Union, under the
years 1998 to 2003, for
35,1milliards of CFA.
- Loan in the State native of Niger for 8,1 billion F CFA.
- Equipment partial for an amount of 1,2 billion F CFA of the
Funds Fiduciary which was created with FAO for the implementation of the
Special Regional Program of Food Safety (PRSSA).
IV.6 it communication
The adoption of a policy and a five-year program of communication
(1999-2004) gave a visibility to the actions and the ideal of the Union.
The organization, since 1997, of seven workshops and seminars of
information and sensitizing on the building sites of the UEMOA, to which took
share more than two hundred and fifty journalists and experts in communication
of the eight Member States allowed the populations to impregnate various
building sites.
Sensitizing information of the populations on the activities and
the reforms
union, continuation of the production and diffusion of the two
supports of
communication set up in 2002 was a priority of the Commission.
Thus, the quarterly supplement «the Walk of the
UEMOA» from now on became a support of reference on the Union. The
magazine of television «Espace UEMOA» is diffused not only by the
national chains of television of the Member States, but still by
satellite, on the international chain RFO-SAT which covers the
countries of the Indian Ocean and of
The Pacific and on TV AFRICA of Gabon, which covers Africa
Centrale and of the East, like
on the network cabled TPS, in Europe.
Of a monthly periodicity at the beginning, the magazine
«Espace UEMOA» is, since the month
from September 2003, become semi-monthly. The diffusion of
information on the Union and the reforms of the process of integration was
continued, not only on the traditional supports (Official Bulletin, folders,
booklets and plates) or through the support with the realization of special
editions on the UEMOA in the international press and the media of the Member
States, but still through the manufacture of books intended for the school
establishments of space UEMOA. This action in educational circles is supported
by a campaign of information and sensitizing that the Commission initiated with
the assistance of the national sections of the Network of the Economic
Journalists of UEMOA (RJE-UEMOA).
The creation of Internet sites and
WWW.UEMAO.INT and
WWW.IZF.NET as of the Network of the
Corresponding Journalists of UEMOA (REJOC-UEMOA) are also actions of
communication which largely served the Union.
Being the communication by Internet network, the year 2003 was
remembered by
creation Association To invest it in Free zone, called to take
the changing of the Committee of
piloting which had in load the administration and the management
of the activities of Internet site
www.izf.net. This change became necessary because of the scale of
the site.
Indeed, with, on average, a million two hundred and thousand
pages read per month, the site izf.net is
today the first French-speaking site of Africa, the fifteen
thousandths world site on
approximately a million listed sites. The site develops from now
on around two shutters:
- a «general Space», gathering institutional, political
information and of order
macroeconomic on the UEMOA, the CEMAC and the Member States;
- a «space Undertaken», with information on the
companies and the private sector,
allowing to support the dialog and the exchanges between the
economic operators of the South
on the one hand, between them and their counterparts of North on
the other hand, in order to promote them
investments in the Union.
IV.7 - Institutional Operation
In the institutional plan, all the Bodies and Institutions
provided for in the Treaty of January 10, 1994, are operational today.
The Court of Justice: January 27, 1995;
Commission: January 30, 1995;
The Interparliamentary Committee: March 27, 1998;
Court of Auditors: March 30, 1998;
The Regional Consular Room: April 3, 1998;
the Autonomous Specialized agencies that are the Central Bank of
the States of West Africa (BCEAO) and the African Western Bank of Development
(BOAD) existed already within the framework of the African Western Monetary
Union (UMOA).
The Court of Justice which took part since 1998 in the
Conferences organized by
the African Western Association of the High French-speaking
Jurisdictions (AOA-HJF) in quality
of observer, adhered to this association in July 2003. This
adhesion will enable him to be
in constant relationship to the high jurisdictions of space UEMOA
and also those of the Francophonie.
Since the installation of its office in April 1998, the Regional
Consular Room has
profited from the financings necessary to the starting of its
activities, in spite of
recurrence of crises since soon six years. Indeed, to allow
effective starting
its activities, the Conference of the Heads of State and
Government, behavior in Dakar 29
January 2003, had adopted a project of Additional Act instituting
a new period
three years transient for the financing of the Room, through a
subsidy of
Commission of the UEMOA.
IV.8 - Co-operation
The Union developed relationships to the near total of the
Institutions of international fame and interafricaines.
The UEMOA maintains a very profitable co-operation with the
European Union.
As of the signature of the Agreement of Cotonou in June 2000, the
Commission of the UEMOA has
expressly received mandate of the Council of Ministers in July
2000, to open and lead
negotiations with the Commission of the European Union, for the
conclusion
of an Economic Agreement of Partnership (APE) between the UEMOA
and the European Union
Thus a Convention of financing, of an amount of 9,5 billion F
CFA, signed on November 14, 1996 was carried out until the end of the year
1999, within the framework of the Program of Regional Support to Integration,
BET 1.
A new Convention of financing, of a total amount of 52,5 billion
F CFA, was signed on March 24, 2000.
This convention, called BET 2, comprises two shutters; the first,
is a support at the Institutions of the Union and the Member States; the second
is a support with the development and the insertion of the sector deprived in
the process of integration.
In addition to the Area code Program (PIR), 9th EDF, which
rises to 235 million euros over the period 2003-2007, exclusively intended for
the UEMOA ; the European Union will devote more than 154 billion F CFA to
the regional co-operation with West Africa between 2003 and 2006, by the
channel of the two principal organizations which are the UEMOA (Union monetary
and economic of West Africa) which gathers the French-speaking countries of the
ex-zone CFA and of which the process of integration is already extremely
advanced, and the CEDEAO (the economic Community of the States of West Africa)
which includes the countries of the UEMOA and constitutes, by its Treaty,
institution of reference as regards integration.
For this purpose, the European Commission adopted a document of
strategy of co-operation and indicative program between the EU and the area.
The strategy suggested is to support the long-term convergence of the two
processes of integration :
· To consolidate the Customs union and to reinforce
the Common Market to the level of the UEMOA,
· To create the Customs union of CEDEAO and to
reinforce the capacities of its executive secretariat, by taking account of the
assets of the one and the other of the institutions.
The UEMOA developed an active co-operation with the Economic
Community of the States of West Africa (CEDEAO), the Standing Committee
Inter-States of Fight against the Dryness in the Sahel (CILSS), the Economic
and Monetary Community of Africa Centrale (CEMAC), with which it manages the
IZF.net site within the framework of the promotion of the investments in the
Free zone, the Common Organization of Co-operation Against Great
Endémies (OCCGE), the Organization for the Harmonization of laws of the
Businesses in Africa (OHADA), the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the
African Bank of Development (BAD) and the Economic Commission of the United
Nations for Africa (ECA).
It since 2001 developed its co-operation with the Organization of
the United Nations for the Food and Agriculture (FAO), the Islamic Bank of
Development (BID), the Funds International for the Agricultural Development
(FIDA), the International Organization of the Francophonie, the World Bank and
the International Monetary International Monetary Funds.
The UEMOA strengthened its co-operation, on the bilateral level,
with the United States of America, through the signature of an Agreement on the
development of the Trade and the Investments and with France, thanks to the
signature of a convention of financing within the framework of the Priority
Mutual aid funds (FSP).
In accordance with the provisions of article 84 of the Treaty
of the UEMOA, the Commission has
competence to negotiate and conclude the trade agreements with
third countries. In it
tally, during the year 2003, the provisions were taken to carry
out mandates
given by the Council of Ministers to the Commission during
previous years, for
to negotiate and conclude from the trade agreements and
investment, in particular with Morocco
and Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt and Lebanon.
Within the framework of the support of the World Bank to
the achievement of the objectives of the UEMOA, it
Board of directors of the Institutional Development funds (FDI)
granted
union a subsidy of an amount of 300.000 US dollars, in order to
set up one
device of commercial monitoring in the UEMOA.
V Them OUTLINE
V.1 -To fight against the persistence of the
obstacles
Freedom of movement of the goods and the people does not go
either without problem. According to experts', it is however essential to
advance it for the complete construction and the harmonious operation of the
Common Market. However in the state current of the things, this freedom of
going and coming within Community space is far from being a reality.
Inopportune controls and extortion of moneies constitute as many blockings. In
the same vein it is raised persistence of nontariff obstacles consisting of the
institution of technical standards preventing the importation of Community
products, of the erection of multiple stoppings on the corridors of the Union
or of the requirement of marking of the originating industrial products
approved even when those are accompanied by authentic certificates of
origin.
In addition, force is to note that even if the tce is applied,
tariffs of certain States « always comprise tariff headings in
addition to those of the tce, do not represent all the lines of the tce, assign
to certain products a category different from that fixed in the tce, always
comprise duties and taxes import which do not concern the tce ».
They are there some examples of obstacles to the construction of
the Common Market, objective paramount of the African western Union economic
and monetary and the nearest adoption of the African western single currency.
Brakes which do not have therefore occulting the good points marked in the long
battle for economic integration
In addition, the Union faces a certain recrudescence of
tensions socio-policies which limit the improvement of the macroeconomic
framework and the convergence of the economies of the Union.
Moreover, the study on tax covering in the Member States of the
UEMOA, planned for
to be realized on external financing, could not start, because of
the difficulties of
mobilization of the external resources.
- persistence of nontariff obstacles
It is however necessary to regret, within the framework of
the movement of the goods, persistence
nontariff obstacles such as technical standards imposed on the
products
Community and multiplicity of the stoppings on the corridors of
the Union.
It was also noted the survival of tariff obstacles, such as
certain royalties
perceived only on imported Community products of Member States of
the Union,
whereas the equivalent products locally manufactured are exempted
by it.
Common external tariff
However, on the basis of information received from the States,
the Commission could make the report that the situation noted in 2001 did not
develop. Thus, even if as a whole the Member States implemented the reforms,
one still notes the persistence of the non-application of certain Community
provisions.
Being the obstacles to the trade, in spite of the
application of integral tariff disarmament,
there still remains of the tariff and nontariff obstacles. It is
in particular about the existence of
national standards, of the national certificate of conformity,
the obligation to import one
minimal quantity, of the application of a value of reference to
originating products
On the level of the execution of the activities, it should be
noted that the implementation of
Community legislation of competition was seriously compromised by
three kinds of
difficulties, namely:
- the insufficiency of the administrative organization for the
control of the policy of
compete with;
- the insufficiency of personnel to achieve the tasks in
particular related to the activities
lawful, of investigations, assistance and formation and finally,
co-operation
international;
- inexistence of material of adequate work such as the didactic
material for the formation
agents of the Member States, computer equipement for
investigators, a documentation
specialized as regards competition.
The difficulty in mobilizing the financings envisaged, so much
for the external financings (freezing
priority Mutual aid funds (FSP), sluggishness of the procedures
of the European Union) that
for the own resources, did not allow to reach a high rate of
realization of the actions.
They are primarily the actions programmed on protected financings
(Program
Special Regional for Food Safety (PSRSA), funds FIDA) or retained
like
priority on the clean appropriations, which could be carried out
in the long term.
V.2 - Reinforcement of the economic macro
framework
The analysis of the reviews of the economic situation of the
Member States reveals that annually, half of the countries does not manage to
completely fill the four criteria of first rank to which however all the
countries must satisfy.
On the whole, that it is about average annual inflation rate, of
not-accumulation of postponed outsides payment, of not-accumulation of
postponed interiors payment, of ratio of the wage bill compared to the revenues
from taxes, the overall situation of the countries of the UEMOA often leaves
something to be desired.
In accordance with the orientations of the Conference of the
Heads of State in 2003, the follow-up of the national economies will be ensured
through:
- the organization of missions of assistance in the States within
the framework of the negotiations with the IMF
and the World Bank;
- the organization of missions of follow-up of the national
economies within the framework of the evaluation with
mid- course and annual of the multiannual programs;
- the organization of a circular mission in order to impel, in
the States, the implementation
effective of the Pact of Convergence, Stability, Growth and
Solidarity;
- the organization of a mission of experience sharing to the seat
of the IMF in Washington.
Within the framework of the reinforcement of the statistical
production, it is envisaged:
- development of a multiannual statistical program of the
Commission, for one
better coordination of the statistical activity within the
Union;
- the organization of missions of data acquisition of statistics
at ends of modeling and of
publication;
- the installation of tools of simulation and economic forecast
as well as the formation of
users;
- improvement of existing methodologies.
V.3 - the management of the finance public
With the title of the management of the finance public, the
prospects are summarized with the following activities:
- the follow-up of the implementation of the Community finance
public texts through
missions of evaluation;
- the drafting of guides of application and notes clarifying
certain provisions of
directives;
- the regular operation of the Committee of follow-up of the
directives;
- the installation of the National Committees of Reform of the
finance public;
- the realization of the programme of harmonization of the
nomenclatures budgetary and countable of
Local communities;
- continuation of the implementation of the first phase of the
programme of reform of
public markets (PRMP-UEMOA), by the development of the Community
regulation,
installation of the instruments and functions within the
Commission on the follow-up of
program of reform of the public markets, as well as the
development of the strategy of
development of the professional framework of the public
markets.
V.4 - The construction of the Common Market
Being the Customs union, the Commission will take care of better
popularizing the news
rules of origin, entries into force in 2003. In addition,
missions of checking of
the application of the reforms relating to the Customs union,
which are not carried out any more since
the year 2001, from now on will be carried out, at a rate of a
mission per six-month period. They
will allow to make a regular report of the state of
implementation of the reforms with
The Council of Ministers of the Union.
For purposes of a harmonization of the customs legislation in the
Member States,
Commission will finalize, for adoption, before 2005, book II of
the code of the Customs, relating to the customs dispute.
With regard to the customs value, the year 2004 will see the end
of the limited period,
to devote the Community border. Thus, imported goods of third
country
will be declared on the same basis, whether they are intended in
Coastal states or countries
hinterland.
V.5 - The organization of Community space
The Commission plans to continue and accelerate the actions of
implementation of the programs of its policies, to make various
studies and to engage of the mobilization and publicity campaigns of partners
for their financing, field of energy, the mines, industry and the craft
industry.
Thus, concerning energy, the laid down studies will lead in
particular to the installation
of a sous-régional information system géo-mines
supporting the development of
mineral substances of the Member States.
Being industry, the installation of an industrial one and
information system
mechanism of financing of the reorganization and the levelling of
the companies thus
that the creation of a Regional System of Accreditation (SRA)
will make it possible to better prepare
Member States with the universalization of the exchanges.
Craft industry tourism, it will be a question of continuing the
actions of sales promotion of the products of the craft industry, the
installation of the sous-régional information system on the craft
industry, the harmonization of the lawful executives of the activities of the
craft industry and the formulation of the common policy as regards tourism.
As regards Community regional planning, the activities will
relate to:
- the diffusion and the popularization of document-tally of
general orientations and the Act
Additional bearing adoption of the policy of Community regional
planning;
- the organization of the meetings of experts and people
resources;
- the realization of monographic and cartographic studies
relating to the zones
transborder and with the great sets of themes of the regional
planning.
Being oneself the infrastructures of transport, they act to
continue the implementation of
activities resulting from the Community action plans road and the
development from one
Community of development of the infrastructures of transport,
fascinating directing diagram
in account fields railway, river and harbor.
Concerning air transport, the laid down studies will lead to
relative clauses
with a Community code of the civil aviation, the installation of
a mechanism of coordination of the safety of air transports and the
installation of a pole of expertise.
A project of development of human resources of the sector will be
also elaborate.
In the field of telecommunications, the realization of the study
of harmonization of the executives
lawful legislature and and that relating to the organization and
the operation of different
speakers of the sector, will allow the Union to have Community,
directing texts
and payments governing the sector.
The realization of the priority action plan in this sector will
cause, on the one hand,
to make the telephone available and accessible to the greatest
number and an accessible cost and
in addition, to facilitate the access to new information
technologies and of
communication (NTIC). Being this last field, the development of
the NTICS
to the populations Union the possibility will offer of reaching
new services, which
will contribute to improve their living conditions (Internet,
educational television, tele medicine).
For the die cotton, it will act, by the implementation of
the Diary for the competitiveness of the die cotton-textile adopted in December
2003, to promote a better valorization of cotton fiber of the Union while
making gradually pass the rate of transformation of less than 5% to 25% by
2010.
From this point of view, the BOAD considers, in particular :
to promote the creation of funds of investment dedicated to the die cotton (a
feasibility study is in hand) ; the creation of funds of promotion of the
production of cotton and incentive of the transformation of cotton fiber (the
feasibility study is in hand) ; and the installation of inciting special
mechanisms for the financing by the BOAD of the projects of transformation of
cotton fiber in space UEMOA.
V.6 - Measurements of accompaniment and support to the
process of integration
The commission ambitionne to make succeed negotiations of the
trade agreements and investment with the Middle-East and Maghreb countries and
the Economic Agreement of Partnership (APE) of West Africa with the European
Union.
Medium-term, the challenge to be raised is that of the good
administration of the policy of
the competition without which, perverse effects of a bad
application of this legislation,
are likely to compromise the implementation of the other reforms
undertaken in the Union.
For this purpose, to ensure a uniform application of the
provisions of articles 88 and 89 of
Treated on the whole of the territory of the Union, the
Commission will give a priority to
formation of its frameworks and those of the Member States.
Moreover, the Commission will harness itself in the domestic
front, to clarify the procedures between it and them
national structures and to evaluate the reforms which the Member
States should operate in
tally of the application of the Directive n°02/2002/CM/UEMOA
of May 23, 2002.
It will also act for the Commission, to undertake a series of
investigations relative to
government aid whose majority, granted without rationality, often
result in maintaining in
activity of the nonviable companies, thus causing a cost high for
the company. Also, it
dismantling of these assistances must it constitute a priority
for the Commission, in order to
to safeguard the unit and the cohesion of the Common Market.
Concerning the harmonization of the taxations, the Commission
will carry out the following actions:
- continuation of the harmonization of the interior indirect
taxations, with the study of the methods
of indirect tax department;
- followed application of the Community directives already
adopted within the framework of
harmonization of the interior indirect taxations.
By doing this and except adaptations necessary, the Commission
will have finished in at the end of 2004, the implementation of the programme
of harmonization of the indirect taxations interior and started the
harmonization of the direct taxation within the UEMOA.
Lastly, the bearing Treaty creation of the Parliament
should come into effect as of the completion of
procedures of ratification by the national Parliaments. New
scheduling
institutional which will result from it, the legitimacy of the
acts will unquestionably consolidate
Community, with the intervention with all the stages of the
procedures of adoption, of
Parliament, emanation of the populations, as a Co-legislator,
beside the Council of
Ministers.
V.7- The regional economic program (PER)
- Context of the PER
The economic and financial situation of the Member States of the
Union was characterized,
during the Eighties and at the beginning of the Nineties, by an
alarming deceleration
economic growth, a persistence of deep imbalances of finances
public and of the current external payments, like by sharp
pressures on
currency.
Fresh impulse given to the process of adjustment of the economies
by the setting in
work of a total strategy, articulated around the modification of
the parity of the franc
CFA and of the signature of the Treaty of the UEMOA in 1994,
allowed the Union, over the period
1994-1998, to join again with the economic growth, a better
control of
inflationary pressures and a reduction of imbalances of the
finance public.
Thus, the economic activity was significantly rectified,
recording one
average progression of 5,1% per annum.
This renewal of activity grew blurred since 1999, following the
amplification of
exogenic shocks, with the environmental pollution socio-policy in
certain countries
and with the implementation of inappropriate economic policies,
thus reducing the rate/rhythm
of economic expansion with 2,0% on average per annum during the
period 2000-2003.
This level of growth remains lower than grows demographic
estimated at 3%. It is
also in withdrawal compared to the economic growth rate of
necessary 7% to fight
effectively against the poverty and which would make it possible
to reach into 2015 the Objectives of
Development of Millenium (ODM).
The process of restoration of public finances, which the Member
States knew
union between 1994 and 1998, following the strong tensions
recorded on
public treasuries at the beginning of the years 1990, seems to be
blown. Indeed, them
last estimates let appear that the total budget deficit, except
gifts,
would locate at 4,2% of the GDP in 2003, after being brought back
from 9,6% of the GDP in 1993 to
4,4% in 1996. The tax pressure ratio of the Union hardly exceeded
15,0%. Of
new arrears of payment were accumulated in certain Member States.
amount listed in 2003 was 390,8 billion F CFA including 295,9
billion CFA under the external arrears of payment. These against-performances
are overall ascribable with
an insufficient cleansing of the finance public and with a
budgetary arbitration
generally unfavourable with the capital expenditures.
With regard to the debt, its weight continues to weigh heavily on
the situation of
finance public, thus constituting an additional constraint with
the rectification of
the economic and financial situation of the Member States, in
particular as regards
development of the sectors of the basic infrastructures,
education, the health and drinkable water conveyance. Indeed, the debt
servicing absorbs nearly one the third of the total budget revenue of the
Union.
Vis-a-vis the insufficiency of the budgetary resources in a
context of fall of the assistance
external, the public capital expenditures were registered in
retreat of 1,0% in
average per annum since 1999 against an annual rise of 18,0% over
the period 1994-
1998. As for the annual average volume of the external contests
mobilized during
four last years, in support with the economic and financial
programs put in
work by the States of the Union, it was lower of more than one
third than that recorded on
period 1995-1998.
The intra-Community trade, whose expansion was to be supported by
the setting in
place Customs union, are remained on relatively moderate levels,
fact
in particular of the similarity of the structures of production
of the States of the Union and the cost
still high of transport within the Union. Their share in the
trade foreign of
Member States passed from 10,8% in 1993 to 14,3% in 2000 and to
15,4% in 2002. They
are primarily composed of industrial products originating in the
UEMOA (manure,
cement, concrete-reinforcing steel, etc), of grown and
breeding.
As regards the social aspects, poverty remains a daily concern in
the States
members, phenomenon worsened by other plagues, such as the AIDS,
paludism,
illiteracy, etc Indeed, the majority of the social indicators of
the Union are with
not very satisfactory levels. The number of people living in
lower part of the threshold of
poverty accounts for 45,0% on average total population. The death
rate
infantile (0 to 1 year) is estimated at 103 %o against 92 %o for
sub-Saharan Africa.
rate of primary and secondary schooling is, respectively, at 64%
and 15%,
against 77% and 27% for Sub-Saharan Africa. The life expectancy
to the birth is
from 47 years, on the same level as that of Sub-Saharan
Africa.
As regards infrastructures, the Union is slightly equipped with
it. Indeed, it shows one
important delay compared to the majority of the other areas of
the world in terms of
quantity, quality, cost and equal acces of the populations to the
infrastructures and services
basic. It results from it a weak competitiveness from the
economies, an imperfect integration
markets, difficulties of circulation of the goods and services
and a weak growth
economic, major obstacle with the reduction of poverty.
Taking into consideration this socio-economic situation, durable
improvement of the standard of living
populations of the Union and the reduction of the inequalities
require an acceleration of
implementation of the common sectoral policies and the structural
reforms in
sight to stimulate the economic growth, to attenuate the impact
of the exogenic shocks and
to ensure a better insertion of the States of the UEMOA in the
world economy.
The Regional Economic Program (PER) takes part in this
regional construction and has
for principal goal to give a new dash to the economies of the
Union and to place them
country on the way of a durable development. So the accent will
be particularly
put on the reinforcement of the productive sector and the basic
social services. It must
also to allow to reach levels of capable growth to reduce
appreciably poverty within the Union.
The development of a Regional Economic Program within the
UEMOA is justified
more especially as the current approach of the development
privileges the formation of blocks
economic regional.
Thus, on the level of Africa, the New Partnership for the
Development of Africa
(NEPAD) a new framework of interaction with the rest of the world
constitutes, in particular
with the industrialized countries and the multilateral
organizations.
At the international level, the Agreement of partnership between
the Peaceful countries Africa the Caribbean
(ACP STATE) and the European Union (EU) signed on June 23, 2000
in Cotonou devotes
co-operation and integration regional like a strategy to achieve
goals which
four great fields touch :reinforcement of the political
dimension of the relations between the ACP countries and the EU, the reduction
of poverty in the context of the objectives and the strategies stopped on an
international scale, the establishment of a innovating framework of economic
and commercial co-operation and the rationalization of the procedures and the
financial instruments.
The Regional Economic Program is thus elaborate in an
international context
favorable, marked by the increasing engagement of the partners to
the development with
to devote more and more financial and technical supports to the
realization of the actions
of Community development and to create a synergy with the other
organizations with
regional vocation (CEDEAO, CILSS, etc).
- objectives of the PER
The regional economic Program is an instrument of implementation
of a strategy
aiming at the deepening of regional economic integration. It
makes it possible to throw them
bases of a new organization of the production, circulation of the
factors of
production, of the goods and services, and the capital on a
regional scale. In this diagram,
bodies and institutions in load of the implementation of the
Treaty (Commission of
the UEMOA, the BCEAO and the BOAD, etc) do not act in an
autonomous way with
realization concretes these priorities. They take part
in.liaison.with the Member States
with their implementation and their financing.
The PER is a whole of integrating projects selected at the
regional level counts
held their catalysts effects in the realization of the growth
targets and of
development of the Union. It complements the efforts made by the
States
members as regards public investments and increase in the
investments
deprived.
The total objective of the PER is to contribute to the deepening
of the process of integration in order to stimulate a strong, durable and
reducing growth of poverty.
The framework of intervention for the achievement of this
objective is leant with the fundamental objectives of the Treaty of the UEMOA
and takes into account the Objectives of Development of the Millenium and the
priorities of the NEPAD.
The specific objectives which result from this are as follows:
- the rehabilitation and the modernization of the basic
infrastructures of the Union;
- improvement of the competitiveness of industries of the Union,
in particular with the means
levelling of the industrial capacities, promotion of SME/SME,
of
the valorization and of the transformation of the natural
resources and the reduction
factor costs;
- the reduction of poverty and the promotion of the human
development, by
reinforcement of food safety, the fight against pandemias and
it
reinforcement of the capacities human and institutional;
- the promotion of centers of excellence in the training areas
higher and of high level hospital care.
- Awaited Results
The awaited results of the implementation of the PER are as
follows:
- contribution to the realization of an average growth rate
annual of the Interior Product Gross (GDP) real of more than 7%;
- reinforcement of the competitiveness of the economies of the
Union by the means of the reduction of the costs of the factors of production,
the development of the basic infrastructures within the framework of an open
and competing market and a rationalized and harmonized legal environment -
intensification of the intra-Community trade;
- diversification of the production and exports;
- participation in the achievement of the international
objectives of durable development by 2015, i.e.:
- to reduce half the proportion of the population of the Union
which suffers from
hunger and that alive under conditions of extreme poverty;
- to ensure in the Union the schooling of all the children, boys
and girls, in age to attend the primary schools and to eliminate the
disparities between the sexes in all the levels from teaching;
- to reduce two thirds death rates of the children of less than 5
years;
- to reduce by three quarters the death rates related to
maternity;
- to ensure the access to the health services all and to limit
the propagation of
HIV/AIDS and of paludism;
- to reduce half percentage of the population which does not have
durable access of way to a supply drinking water.
The PER privileges the area in its strategy of economic
development.
fundamental principles which underlie its implementation are, on
the one hand, one
co-operation reinforced between the Member States and, in
addition, the development of one
partnership with the private and public sectors on the levels
national and regional.
regional initiatives remain centered on the public services which
cannot be
provided effectively by each country taken individually.
them priority sectors of the PER
Priority sectors targeted in the PER 2004 - 2008 are drawn from
the Declaration from
Heads of State and Government of the Union from January 10, 2004
in Niamey (Niger) whose orientations relate to the need for accelerating the
emergence of a dynamic regional economic pole and thrives, in which would be
organized the efforts of adaptation of the economies to the requirements of
universalization and of improvement of the productivity, in order to offer
better prospects for growth.
These strategic orientations for the Union were declined in
priority projects starting from the sectoral policies already adopted by the
authorities of decision of the Union.
Taking into account the possibilities of carryforward which
offers the slipping programming, a selective step of the projects was adopted,
underlain by prudence and it
realism in the determination of the level and the capacity for
absorption of the financing with
to mobilize. This step led to the definition of the criteria of
selection hereafter:
- integrating character of the projects (application of the
principle of «subsidiarity»);
- priority character of the projects, their maturity proven thus
that their feasibility
on the period of the program and the realism of their
evaluation;
- nonthe inscription of the projects in the Public Investment
Plans of States (PIP) and their entirely physical character
- nonthe availability of whole or part of the financing for the
project;
- impact of the projects on the acceleration of the growth.
The Economic Program Regional 2004-2008 privileges three priority
axes, namely the rehabilitation and modernization of the economic
infrastructures, the valorization and the transformation of the natural
resources and the human development towards which are respectively directed
69,1%, 15,6% and 11,2% of the resources to be mobilized for its implementation.
The choice related to these priority axes is justified, on the one hand, by the
need for reducing the costs of the factors of production, the modernization of
the basic infrastructures, the diversification of the agricultural production
and, on the other hand, the development of processing industries of basic
commodities. These actions aim at redynamiser the exchanges, to impel the
economic growth and to support the activity of production at the base so as to
reduce poverty.
With the title of the rehabilitation and the modernization of the
economic infrastructures, the actions to be undertaken aim at on the one hand,
to facilitate the movement of the people, the traffic of the goods, by
improving the quantity and quality of the road infrastructures like their
transborder interconnection, and on the other hand, to reduce the times of
transport, the costs of freight, energy and telecommunications.
The principal programs, retained under this shutter, relate to
installation and
the maintenance of the road network as well as the improvement of
the road information system.
The financing to be sought is 360,5 billion F CFA, that is to say
75% of the necessary financings.
The construction of checkpoints juxtaposed at the borders also
constitutes an important shutter (15,5 billion to be sought, is 68% of the
necessary financing).
As regards rail-bound transport, a vast priority action plan is
planned for
interconnection of the existing railroads of Benign, of Burkina
Faso, the Ivory Coast and Togo, while passing by Niamey in Niger as well as the
construction of new ways to carry out the interconnection of the railroads
Bamako-Dakar-Abidjan.
Under air transport, it is envisaged the creation of a regional
company (of a cost of 30 billion FCFA) as well as and the standard levelling of
the airport infrastructures of the Member States, in priority Guinea Bissau.
The projects targeted on the energy level relate primarily to the
reinforcement of
distribution network through the interconnection of the
electrical supply network Mali- Ivory Coast.
In the field of valorization and the transformation of the
natural resources and fight against poverty, the projects to be realized should
be more directed towards the reinforcement of the capacities of search and
popularization for seeds of qualities and suitable plant health products.
Actions are also envisaged for the creation of dies of nontraditional,
essential products for the diversification of the base of the intra-Community
trade and exports except Union.
It is also envisaged the realization of hydraulic works
(drillings) in 3000 villages at a cost of 24 billion F CFA. This will
constitute an element catalyst of the efforts of improvement of the access to
drinking water with the greatest number from the point of view of
achievement of the objectives of the Millenium. This will also
make it possible to create development appropriatenesses of agricultural
productions of against-season in the zones with high hydrous potential.
As regards levelling of the industrial capacities and the
promotion of small
and medium-sized companies and small and average industries
(SME/SME), actions
priority envisaged under the PER relate to a pilot programme of
levelling and
of reorganization of the industrial companies as well as the
development and
promotion of SME/SME within the Union.
The priority action plans as regards human development have
in particular for objectives improvement of the performances in
the field of
education, like that of pubic health. The actions envisaged
carry
primarily on the promotion of centers of excellence as regards
teaching
superior at a cost of 15 billion F CFA, the campaign against the
VIH-SIDA and the paludism which will require a total financing of 24 billion F
CFA, and the installation of a sous-régional network of centers of
reference in medical and surgical specialized care high level (15 billion F
CFA).
`'the road of the development passes by the development of the
road '' had one habit to repeat in Uemoa since 1994.
The commission of Uemoa which gives a report on the
«delay of the Union in the field of the infrastructures (surface
transports, railway, and air, energy and telecommunication) compared to the
majority of the other areas of the world in terms of quantity, quality, cost
and equal acces of the populations» melts much of hope in this program for
booster rocket its device of transport.
The PER will allow installation and the road system maintenance
should absorb 480 billion francs CFA, the construction of 11 checkpoints
juxtaposed at the borders (22,7 billion), the interconnection of the railroads
of Benign, Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Togo while passing by Niger as
well as the construction of new ways to connect the railroads Bamako-Dakar and
Abidjan- Ouagadougou, the creation of a sous-régionale airline company
(of which the cost borders 30 billion F CFA) as well as the construction of the
port of Sao Vicente in Guinea Bissau.
The UEMOA engaged in 2002, with the BOAD, to rehabilitate and
carry out a 13.300 kilometers long road network, at a cost estimated at 1254
billion francs CFA.
The zone has only two road axes: thecoastal one and the
transone. The trans-coastal axis goes from Nouakchott (Mauritania) to Lagos
(Nigeria), while passing by Banjul (Gambia), Bissau (Guinea), Conakry (Guinea),
Abidjan (Ivory Coast), Lome (Togo) and Cotonou (Benign). It 4.560 km is long of
which 3.800 km are bituminized and 760 km are not it yet.
The
trans-sahélien axis goes from Dakar (Senegal) to Ndjaména (Chad),
while passing by Bamako (Mali), Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Niamey (Niger).
This road axis makes 4.460 km of which 3.900 km are bituminized and 560 km not
yet bituminized.
The costing of the investments to be realized within the
framework of the regional economic program is based on studies led on a
regional scale by the services of the three Community Institutions. The
priority fields, with the title of which priority action plans were identified,
were the subject of a quantified evaluation. The given total cost is 851,6
billion francs CFA on a horizon of five years programming, with financing to be
sought of 722,6 billion F CFA.
The acquired financing accounts for 15% of the total cost of the
PER, that is to say 129 billion.
The financing to be sought rises to 722,6 billion F CFA, that is
to say an average of approximately 144,5 billion F CFA to be mobilized per
annum for the Regional Economic Program.
Its mobilization would require an optimal exploitation of the
whole of the sources of financing available. This task was entrusted to the
three Community Institutions (Commission of the UEMOA, BCEAO and BOAD) by the
Conference of the Heads of States and Government of the UEMOA.
The various identified sources of financing are in particular the
budget of the bodies
UEMOA, financings of the BOAD, regional money market, banks,
private sector and external financing.
V.8 Bank it regional of solidarity (BRS)
Matured since two years, the project of the regional Bank of
solidarity (BRS) will have to be a reality on all the extent of the Union
before 2006.
The holding of the group of the regional Bank of solidarity
(BRS), called «the bank of the poor» of the economic and monetary
Union West African (UEMOA) has the aim of promoting independent employment in
favor of the populations traditionally excluded from the banking
structure.
The mission assigned with this future capitalization consists, in
a general way, to finance all the agricultural, industrial, artisanal
microphone-companies and the small trades. It aims thus, the insertion of the
young people, the reintegration of the workers and overall, the development of
generating activities of employment and incomes. Its population-target will be
mainly:
- graduates without uses of the higher education, general,
technical or professional, of the technical schools;
- apprentices having completed their formation near a
Master-craftsman duly registered on the register of the craftsmen of his
country and recognized by its pars;
- co-operatives not - financial of workmen, farmers or craftsmen;
- operators of microphone-activities of production aspiring to
the development or the modernization of their activity;
Them Decentralized Financial Systems, for their needs for
refinancing or for the credit limits.
The BRS will have a network of subsidiary companies having
the statute of bank to grant financings to short, average and long term.
The holding will take part in particular in the financing of
microphone-projects of investment which will concern the sector of the
production exclusively and, by extension, with marketing resulting from the
activity of financed production.
It ambitionne to satisfy the needs for
financing of the populations with weak income or without income, like certain
needs for refinancing of the decentralized financial systems which cannot meet
the conditions of access to the traditional bank credit.
Moreover, the BSR will contribute to the increase in the
«bancarisation» of the populations of the countries of the UEMOA like
to the efforts of diversification of the savings in these populations by
supporting the development of all the trades carrying economic growth and will
take part in the process of regional economic integration.
The BRS, which is
equipped with a capital of 24 billion francs CFA, is a limited company with
board of directors calling public upon the saving.
Vis-a-vis the extent of the phenomenon in the Union, the
Conference of the Heads of State and Government has, in its Declaration of
December 8, 1999 entitled «To take up together, in solidarity, the
challenges of the third millenium», reaffirmed the determination of the
States to make fight against poverty a requirement of the economic policies,
thanks to the vigorous promotion of a growth richer in uses, a diversification
of the generating activities of incomes and a reinforcement of the social
programs. Within this framework, the Heads of State decided «to implement,
in a diligent way, the Pact of convergence, stability, growth and solidarity
between the Member States of the UEMOA, thus translating their determination to
look further into the process of cleansing of the national economies, to fight
in an effective way against poverty and to consolidate the bases of their
currency».
The project relates to the installation of a Regional Bank of
Solidarity (BRS-SA), whose architecture envisages a financial holding, acting
of Seat or head office for banking subsidiary companies which will be installed
in each State of the UEMOA in order to exert on a purely principal basis of the
activities of bank. In addition to the banking subsidiary companies, the
Holding will also develop nonbanking subsidiary companies to make it possible
the Group to realize savings of loads in the fields in particular of the
information system but also in the stock management invested in the fight
against poverty by various partners, through a foundation. In addition, Group
BRS will have its own mechanism of guarantee to deal with part of the banking
risks. The tracks of diversification of Group BRS thus traced are not closed.
Generally, the expansion of the Group will be done according to opportunities,
while preserving its vocation first which is to contribute to the fight against
poverty.
In addition, to ensure the success of its interventions, the BRS
will be pressed on partners (structures financial relays, of technical and
administrative support, etc) in the various countries of the UEMOA.
Being the resources of Group BRS-SA, in addition to the basic own
capital stocks of the head office, they consist of loans carried out on the
money market, of concessional resources obtained from partners external as well
as resources of defiscalized saving, funds of a company and guarantee funds.
Moreover, being based on the example of Grameen Bank, the BRS-SA, a culture of
saving will develop in obligatory matter for the customers as of obtaining a
loan. In addition to its customer-target for the activities of direct credit,
the BRS could receive the deposits of the whole of the economic operators,
including those which are not eligible with its financing.
With regard to the mechanism of guarantee, except the guarantee
funds envisaged, the banking subsidiary companies will be pressed on the one
hand, on «economic» mechanisms of guarantee (study of the files of
financing, framing technical and followed by the promoter and his inheritance)
and, on the other hand, on those known as legal (hypothecation of the financed
material, new guarantees to set up such as the Mutual guarantee societies,
forced saving, joint and several guarantees, etc). A combination of these
various possibilities should ensure a maximum security of the appropriations.
On the whole, the project of creation of the Regional Bank of
Solidarity entered its phase of concretization. It will make it possible to
modify the banking and financial landscape of the UEMOA, within the framework
of a bolder contribution to the fight against poverty, through in particular
the creation of many jobs independent in vital sectors of the economy of and
the integration Convention countries of the vulnerable layers of the population
in the financial system of the Union.
CONCLUSION
On the level of the UEMOA, continuation and the deepening of the
projects and programs
of integration allowed to attenuate, in solidarity, the asymmetry
of the exogenic shocks, thus
that its effects on cohesion interns Union.
Thus, in spite of the persistence of the effects of the crisis of
the Ivory Coast consecutive in the events
from September 19, 2002, the rate/rhythm of the economic activity
in the Union should start one
recovery in 2003.
In comparison with the socio-economic situation of the Union, the
durable improvement of the standard of living of the populations and the
reduction of the inequalities constitute challenges of which the resolution
requires an acceleration of the growth and an insertion of the economies in the
process of universalization. For a true mobilization to take up these
challenges, the regional Authorities initiated the regional economic program,
which would result in a whole of sectoral performances, implying additional
efforts in terms of reforms and financing. Accordingly, it will be necessary to
mobilize approximately 144 billion F CFA per annum over the period programming
2004-2008.
The concrete actions to realize within the framework of the
regional economic program were given starting from the programs and sectoral
policies adopted by the Community authorities or of the relating to it
recommendations.
The Common external tariff (tce), come into effect since
January 1, 2000, knows
an overall satisfactory application. However, certain nontariff
obstacles
still persist, in particular the technical standards imposed by
certain States
members with the Community products, multiplication of the road
stoppings and
perception of illicit taxation of the corridors of the Union
which became problems
recurring.
The freedom of circulation of the factors, with its implications
in terms of right of establishment and harmonization of the services (the
social right, the Fair labor standards act, the protection of the risks, right
to health, the granting of the national treatment the nationals of the Union)
is still not anchored in reality.
Elements of harmonization concerned with the Sectoral Policies,
but convergent with
the construction of the Common Market (grid systems, energy
services, diffusion
NTIC, access to the formation, dynamization of the
agro-industrial dies, levelling of the companies) are still to perfect.
To give an impulse to the economic and social development, large
building sites
in integrating matter were undertaken, in order to contribute to
the improvement of the environment of the businesses, to look further into the
role of the financial sector, to promote the development of a regional money
market and to facilitate the economic and commercial relations within the
Union.
The existence even of the UEMAO constitutes in it even a victory
against fate.
Slowly but surely, integration under regional continues its
walk.
APPENDIX
GREAT STAGES Of INTEGRATION
- January 10, 1994: Signature, in Dakar, of the Treaty, the
Economic and Monetary Union
West African (UEMOA).
- August 1, 1994: Entry
into force of the Treaty of the UEMOA.
- January 27, 1995: Installation of
the members of the Court of Justice of the UEMOA.
- 30 janvier1994:
Installation of the Members of the Commission of the UEMOA.
- May 10, 1996:
First meeting of the Conference of the d'État Chiefs and
Government
in Ouagadougou.
- July 1, 1996: Entry into force of the
transitory preferential tariff system: frankness
total for the products of
agriculture, the breeding and the craft industry and reduction of 30% for the
approved originating industrial products Union.
- May 02, 1997: Accession of
the Guinea-Bissau, which becomes the 8th État member of
the
UEMOA.
- June 23, 1997: Second meeting of the Conference of the Heads of
States and Government
in Lome.
- July 1, 1997: Entry into force of the
reduction of the customs duties on the products
approved industrialists of
the UEMOA, which passes from 30% to 60%.
- January 1, 1998: Entry into force
of the African Western Countable System (SYSCOA) and
harmonized Index of the
Prices the Consumer of UEMOA (IHPC).
- March 27, 1998: Official installation
of the Interparliamentary Committee in Bamako.
- March 30, 1998: Entry
according to the members of the Court of Auditors with Ouagadougou.
- April
03, 1998: Installation of the Regional Consular Room in Lome.
- July 1,
1998: Fixing with 30% of the maximum rate of the customs duties within the
framework of
Common external tariff, except statistical royalty.
-
January 1, 1999: Entry into force of the reduction of the customs duties on the
products
approved industrialists of the Union, which passes from 60% to
80%.
- January 1, 1999: Fixing with 25% of the maximum rate of the customs
duties within the framework of
Common external tariff, except statistical
royalty.
- January 28, 1999: Third meeting of the Conference of the
d'État Chiefs and of
Government in Lome.
- December 08, 1999:
Fourth meeting of the Conference of the Heads of States and of
Government in
Lome.
- December 08, 1999: Adoption of the Common Industrial Policy of the
UEMOA.
- December 08, 1999: Adoption of the Pact of convergence, stability,
growth and of
solidarity enters the Member States of the UEMOA.
- January
1, 2000: Freedom of movement, of total frankness from the duties and import
taxes, for
products of agriculture, the breeding, the craft industry and the
originating industrial products approved.
- January 1, 2000: Entry into
force of the common external tariff (tce): levelling off with
22% of the
import duties.
- June 29, 2000: Adoption of the Code of transparency in the
management of the finance public
within the UEMOA.
- June 29, 2000:
Adoption of the bearing document reforms public markets of the
States
members of the UEMOA.
- December 14, 2000: Fifth meeting of the
Conference of the Heads of State and of
Government in Bamako.
- December
14, 2000: Adoption of the Common Mining Policy of the UEMOA.
- December
19, 2001, 6th meeting of the Conference of the d'État chiefs and
Government in Dakar.
- December 19, 2001, adoption of the additional
protocol n°III instituting the rules of origin of the products of the
UEMOA.
- December 19, 2001, adoption of the Agricultural Policy of the
Union.
- December 19, 2001, adoption of the Common Énergetic
Policy of the UEMOA.
- December 19, 2001, adoption of the
additional act relating to the promotion of the Craft industry within the
UEMOA.
- May 23, 2002, adoption of the Community legislation of
Competition.
- January 27, 2003, adoption of the bearing payment
opening, organization and
operation of the agricultural counter
within F.A.I.R.
- January 29, 2003, 7th meeting of the Conference
of the d'État chiefs and of
Government in Dakar.
- January 29, 2003, adoption of the modified Treaty of the UEMOA.
- January 29, 2003, adoption of the bearing Treaty creation of the
Parliament of the UEMOA.
- January 27, 2003, adoption of the
additional act modifying the additional act n°04/99 bearing Pact of
convergence, stability, growth and solidarity enters the Member States of the
UEMOA.
- January 29, 2003, adoption of the additional act
instituting one limited period of financing of the Regional Consular Room
of the UEMOA by a subsidy of the Commission.
- January 29, 2003, adoption of the Additional Protocol N°
IV modifying the Additional protocol N° II on the sectoral Policies.
- January 10, 2004, 10th birthday of the creation of the UEMOA;
8th meeting of the Conference of the Heads of State and Government with Niamey.
SOURCES AND INDEX BIBILIOGRAPHIQUE
- the UEMOA, seven years afterwards, Editions To build Africa
- The agricultural policy of the UNION, ROPPA 2002
- Reports/ratios 2001, 2002, 2003 of the Commission of the
UEMOA
- To invest in free zone site
WWW.IZF.NET
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uniform acts of the OHADA by Pr Joseph Issa-Sayegh (Universities of
Abidjan/Nice)
- The legal integration of the States in the free zone J.
Carbonnier, Dalloz, 2002
- Talks with Foamed Touré, President of the
Commission , Guidado Sow, director of the Customs union
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Jaime of MELLO, Marcelo OLARREAGA
- « Economic impact study of the introduction of the
reciprocity into the trade between the European Union and the countries of the
UEMOA and Ghana », University of Auvergne. CERDI, 1998
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for the Relations between Europe and Africa », World Economy, flight
18. Collar, P. and J.W. Gunning, 1995
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the Francophonie? », Report/ratio ECDPM 9, Maastricht. Solignac
Lecomte, H-B, 1999
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Desirable
union of the African economies «, Mbaye Sanou, the diplomatic World,
September 1995
- the SYSCOA, worms of the uniform countable standards in the
UEMOA? An analysis of the Togolese practice, Bigou-Laré
Nadédjo/University of Lome, June 2003
- Report/ratio on the development and the trade in Africa, UNCTAD
(200 3),
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of Transferable Securities (BRVM), Ywassa Tombodo October 1997
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International, Tropical Markets)
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