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Le régime juridique des étrangers au Camerounpar Martine AHANDA TANA Chaire UNESCO des droits de la personne et de la démocratie de l'université d'Abomey-Calavi de Cotonou au Bénin - DEA droits de la personne et de la démocratie 2004 |
V- LEGAL COMPILATIONS OF TEXTS AND JURISPRUDENCE73) Penal code of Cameroun (French version), Edition 2000, re-examined and corrected, 105 p. 74) legal Council of Europe-businesses, foreign prisoners : Recommendations N° R (84) 12 adopted by the committee of the Ministers for the Council of Europe on 21 June 1984 and exposed reasons, Strasbourg, the Council of Europe, 1984, 30 p. 75) SCHUTTER (Olivier), TULKENS (Francoise), VAN DROOG HENBROECK (Sébastian), RUFFENACH (Sylvie), Code of international law of the humans right, 2nd edition, Brussels, Bruylant, 2003, 767 p. 76) Decision of the Court of Appeal of the Center, IN : Business N° 337/HORN, February 21, 1997, Yaounde, Cameroun. 77) Decree N° 90/1246 of 24 August 1990 abrogeant all provisions former in particular those of the decree N° 80/004 January 7, 1980 and its modifying N°82/342 of the 9/1982 regulating the movement from abroad to Cameroun. 78) Institute for the human rights and the development, compilation of the decisions on the communications of the African commission of the humans right and of the people : Extract of the management reports 1994-2001, holy Dakar, Printing works Paul, 2002, 464 p. 79) Law N° 90-32 of bearing 11 December 1990 constitution of the republic of the Benign one. 80) Law N° 97/010 modifying and supplementing certain provisions of the law N°64/LF/13 of June 26, 1964 on the mode of the extradition in Cameroun. 81) Law N° 97/012 of 10 January 1997 fixing the conditions of entry, stay and exit from abroad in Cameroun. 82) Law N°96-06 of bearing 18 January 1996 revision of the constitution of June 02, 1972 in Cameroun. 83) Draft prepared by the Commission of the international law, IN : Directory of the TDCI, 1974, Vol.II, 1e left. 84) Treaty of 1964 instituting the UDEAC. 85) Treaty of 1975 creating CEDEAO. 86) Treaty of 1983 creating the CEEAC 87) Treaty of 1994 (modified in 2003) creating the UEMOA. 88) Treaty of 1994 instituting the CEMAC. 89) Treaty of the UMOA of 1973. VI- REVUES-PERIODIQUES-JOURNAUX90) Directory of the commission of the international law. 91) Cameroon Platform. (Cameronian Press review). 92) Laltchad presses. (Chadian Press review). 93) The Messenger. (Cameronian Press review). 94) The Millenium. 95) The Diplomatic World. 96) The daily newspaper. (Cameronian Press review). 97) Publications of the foundation Marango Poulos for the humans right. 98) African review of parliamentarism and democracy. 99) Review basic rights. 100) General review of public international law. 101) International review of the Red Cross. 102) Quarterly review of the humans right. 103) Universal review of the humans right. 104) UNHCR-refugees. VII - INTERNET SITES105) http://encarta.msn.com. 106) http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200507070896.html. 107) http://polis.sciencespobordeaux.fr/vol8ns/article4.html. 108) http://www.africatimes.com. (Cameroun Section) 109) http://www.cameroun-info.net. 110) http://www.francophonie.org/UIJPLF/congr ès23.htm-microsoftinternetexplorer. 111) http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/download_fr.htm. 112) http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/download_fr.htm. 113) http://www.ialtchad.com/dossiertchadiensducameroun.htm 114) http://www.ialtchad.com/dossiertchadiensducameroun2.htm. 115) http://www.izf.net 116) http://www.revue-df.org/revue/som... om1/som1_commission_antangana.htm. 117) http://www.uhb.fr/sc_humaines/ceriem/documents/cc4/cc4cecil.htm. 118) www.revue-df.org. 120) www.transparency.org/survey/index.html/barometer.
CONTENTS IN MEMORIAM ....................................................................................... II DEDICATE ............................................................................................ III THANKS ................................................................................. IV INITIALS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... V SYNOPSIS ........................................................................................... VI First Part: FORMAL RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHTS FROM ABROAD .......................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER I: The CONTRIBUTION OF the INTERNATIONAL TEXTS .............................. 7 SECTION 1: THE UNIVERSAL PROTECTION FROM ABROAD ...................... 7 Paragraph 1: Intruments legal Generals ............................................. 8 With) Contents of the DUDH and the international Pacts ...................................... 8 B) Rights of the foreign children 10 Paragraph 2 - Special legal instruments 11 A) Rules specific to the refugees and stateless people 11 B) Rights of migrant worker 13 SECTION 2 - THE COMMUNITY PROTECTION FROM ABROAD 15 Paragraph 1 - The role of the African Union (UA) 15 A) General rules relating to the rights from abroad in Africa 15 B) The characteristic of the African right of the refugees 16 1) Extension of the concept of refugee 16 2) Reinforcement of the statute of the refugee 17 Paragraph 2 - Foreigners in space under - regional 18 A) Freedom of movement of the people 19 Paragraph 3 - The condition from abroad within a bilateral framework 22 CHAPTER 2 - THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL TEXTS 23 SECTION 1 - THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS FROM ABROAD 23 Paragraph 1 - The constitutionalization of international protection 23 Paragraph 2 - The legal statute from abroad in comparison with the constitution 24 1) Civil laws and political 25 2) Economic, social, and cultural rights 26 SECTION 2 - THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE FREE ONE 27 Paragraph 1 - Legal conditions of immigration 28 Paragraph 2 - Legal conditions of the stay 31 B) Circulation inside the borders 32 Paragraph 3 - Legal conditions of the emigration 33 Second Part : The INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN FACT OF the VIOLATIONS OF the RIGHTS FROM ABROAD 37 SECTION 1 : TRADITIONAL FOREIGNERS 39 Paragraph 1 - Problems from regular abroad 39 A) Difficulties encountered at the entry and the exit 39 B) Difficulties encountered during the stay 42 1) Violations because of the national law 42 a) Discriminations in the access to justice 42 b) Discriminations in the Employment Policy 43 c) Discriminations in the exercise of the voting rights 45 2) Attacks related to the behavior of the politico-administrative authorities 47 Paragraph 2 - The situation from irregular abroad 49 B) Procedures of expulsions 51 SECTION 2 - FOREIGNERS A EXCEPTIONAL STATUTE 52 Paragraph 1 - Problems of the rights of the refugee 53 Paragraph 2 - The uncertainty of the statute of the stateless person 57 A) The question of integration 57 B) Extent of discriminations 58 SECTION 1 - THE WEAKNESS OF THE COMMUNITY LEGISLATION 60 Paragraph 1 - The laconism of the texts 60 1) Standards creating the UA 60 2) Standards fixing the conditions of achievement of the objectives of the UA 61 B) Sous-régionales standards 62 Paragraph 2 - Institutional dysfunctions 63 1) The Conference of the Union 63 2) The Conference of the Heads of States of the CEMAC 64 3) African Commission of the humans right and of the people 65 SECTION II INEXISTENCE OF the STATE OF RIGHT 68 Paragraph 1 : The not-tender of the State to the right 68 Paragraph 2 - Ineffectivity of the protection of the humans right 69 A) The utopian range of the mechanisms of protection 69 B) The constancy of the violations 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 77 CONTENTS ........................................................................... 86 APPENDICES APPENDICESINQUIRE INTO THE SITUATION FROM ABROAD IN CAMEROUNI. QUESTIONNAIRE : 1) Which is your nationality ? ...................................................... 2) How much time be you already gone (E) in Cameroun ? Which was the duration of your stay ? ............................................................................... 3) Can you specify the goals of this stay : studies, businesses, stopovers, conferences, tourism, others? .................................................................. 4) By which ways are you there returned to you (E) : air, terrestrial, maritime ? ........................................................................... 5) As regards the air route :
* So yes : which ...................... * So not : were satisfied (E) of the service ? Why ? ...
c) Know foreigners to whom aimed it for Cameroun was refused ? And which was the reason ? ...................................................... 6) As regards the terrestrial and maritime ways : has) Did you encounter difficulties on the level of the border? Yes, not ? b) If so, which? ............................................. c) You are you left ? D) Know from other abroad who knew the same situation while going to Cameroun ? ............................................. 7) Which appreciation you make conditions of entry in Cameroun ? You have suggestions ? ......................................................................................... 8) has) Once inside the country, found the accessible Cameronians (interdependent, fraternal...) ? b) Please tell us the facts ............................................................. 9) has) During your stay, from which rights profited ? (For example : right to housing, education, work, health...) ................................................ b) Which were your duties with regard to Cameroun ? ......................................... c) One carried reached to your basic rights ? And with those from other abroad ? d) - Were expelled (E) of the country ? - You know foreigners who were expelled ? 10) - Which appreciation you make your stay in Cameroun ? And of that from abroad in general ? ...................................................................... - You Think that the State really worries about the non-national ones, in other words, you believe that the rights from abroad are protected on the whole of the territory? Why ? ........................................................................ 11) Which appreciation you make humans right to Cameroun, generally ? ............................................................................................... 12) By which way are you left (E) the country and under which conditions precisely ? .... 13) You have a good memory of Cameroun ? Would like to go back itself still there ? Why ? .......................................................................................... 14) If a question which seems to you fundamental for this investigation were not put or if you have other information required concerning the situation from abroad to Cameroun, please indicate it in the following lines : ....................................... 15) please, please objectively compare to the legal and practical statute foreigners with Cameroun with that from abroad in your country of origin .................
II. CARD-INDEX EXAMINATION OF THE INVESTIGATION A NUMBER OF PERSONSES INTERROGEES : 100 1) Origin of the questioned people
2) Entry in Cameroun drank
3) Undergone violations/encountered difficulties
* Entry in Cameroun by ways terrestrial/maritime Manpower : 38 questioned people out of the 100.
* Entry in Cameroun by air Manpower : 62 questioned people out of the 100.
Manpower : 100 questioned people
N.B : among the 100 questioned people, 20 already left Cameroun. * Exit by ways terrestrial/maritime Manpower : 8 people
* Exit by air Manpower : 12
4) Authors of the violations during the entry, the stay and the exit Manpower : 100 questioned people.
5) General appreciation on the effectivity of the rights from abroad
6) General appreciation on the effectivity of the humans right
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