Ø Advantages of the multinational corporations.
But, it should be also announced that the possession of
specific advantages and the possibility of their transferability abroad
indicate why a company can it multinationaliser. In the same way, the search
for better conditions of supply and demand as that of a better competitive
position are the determinants of the multinationalisation of the
companies ; those thus choose the establishment abroad. (Mucchielli
J.L., COp cit., pp. 120-155).
Ø Seek contents of the aforesaid advantages for the
clubs of football.
Admittedly, the clubs of football materially do not
manufacture products commerciables. The sporting spectacles are obviously to
arrange in the category of the immaterial products, commerciables too. Before
attending with the drive or the match in a stage of football, the requirement
of the ticket or ticket of entry recalls the commercial nature of the product.
Then, for the specific advantages, often technological of the
multinational corporations the label and the secular reputation of a club of
football are substituted, true base of the merchandizing ; all two species
being able to constitute assets for multinationaliser.
The search for better conditions of supply and demand can be
translated at the international clubs of football in the search of better
conditions of acquisition and sale of the young talented players by the system
of the transfers. Who worse is, the research of the rights of retransmission
added to the acquisition of good players are the great stakes of football
international business.
To finish, let us say that in spite of the effort of
internationalization, football remains a saving in weak range compared to that
put moving by the great multinational corporations. However, we point out that
the true impact of this conversion of football into business to the developing
countries can result positively in the creation of jobs.
The foreign direct investment, underlines the International
Finance Corporation (COp cit., p. 7), contributes in important
measurement to the growth of the emergent economies, although its role is
sometimes discussed.
The recruitment of the players is, indeed, an offer of
employment to tens of the young people with which it hope of a worthy
professional life can finally open. While bringing new capital in the foreign
local clubs, the club firm can always improve the level of the wages of the
personnel and the players in place.
In the same way, the strategies of financing of the teams, up
to that point managed by inexpert hands, are diversified and move primarily
towards the maximization of the receipts and the victories while counting on
the talented young people.
A new management in force starts again the performances of the
team at the edge of the ruin. In that, one is not far from meeting what
Torkildsen G. (1986, p. 327) thinks of management : «An active
occupation of human and a process by which the people and the organizations
reach the results.
Management is not a science, with precise laws and a
prédictible behavior ». The increase in the level of the wages
of the players of the teams of the developing countries is another advantage
which deserves to be underlined. Admittedly, the expenditure for recruitment
the new ones can prove to be important.
But the choice of the countries where professional
technicality and cheap acquisition are côtoient narrowly shows the
possibility for the prospects for realization of the benefit. It is proven that
the costs of purchase of the African and Latin-American players are less in
their countries of origin compared to than they are worth when they are
transferred from a European team to another.
However, by restructuring the local market of the African
players and by encouraging their entry in rich championships of Europe, by the
mechanism of the transfers intra-group, it is sure that the African players
will also take part in the festival of the wages of dream. It also contributes
to support the international mobility of the players of the Third World
countries.
As example, at the time of the 22nd edition of the EDGE, 171
of the 352 selected evolve/move in European clubs, including 42 in France.
Cameroun counts the most expatriates (20 players), followed by Ghana and
Nigeria (18), Coast-in Ivoire and Morocco (15), South Africa (12), Senegal
(11). Their presence in the national teams causes many hopes, even if it does
not guarantee good results. For proof, Morocco and Coast-in Ivoire did not
succeed in crossing the first turn of this year, whereas Tunisia, Algeria,
which count respectively only three and eight professionals, obtained their
ticket for the quarterfinals.
The candidature for the expatriation of many players of the
continent does not rest on only sporting, but more especially financial
considerations. And there, the inequalities are marked even, because to play in
first or the second division in Europe, it is to be ensured to gain much money.
Difficult to know, with precision, the amount of
remunerations, so much the sums vary from one country to the other, and the
talent of each one. But, on average, a professional player of the first French
division empoche 130.000 FF per month, and that of second division 30.000 FF.
For most talented, it is necessary to multiply these figures by five. Attention
not to confuse with the amazing amounts paid for the transfer of a player. The
RC Lens, champion of France 1998, had to spend nearly 25 million FF to have in
its manpower the young Cameronian attacker Joseph Désiré Job.
Foamed Saïb, captain of the team of Algeria, arrived at the FC Valence, to
Spain, for 32 million FF; the Cameronian Marc Vivien Foé in West Ham, in
England, for 38 million ; the Man from the Ivory Coast Ibrahim Bakayoko
with Olympic of Marseilles for 40 million, and the Nigerian Augustine Okocha
was bought by Paris SG for 100 million. Undoubtedly the largest transfer among
the African quota in Europe before that of Congolese Shabani Nonda of the ACE
Monaco, for the trifle of 140 million FF. These sportsmen, whose career is
short (ten years on average), are incontestably privileged people, if one takes
account of the annual income per capita in their country of origin (160 to 660
dollars according to countries').
The participation in the international competitions involves
enormous expenditure. Because to the wages of the players financial means the
important ones are added that the States grant to the national teams. In Egypt,
the wages of national trainer, who is of 200.000 FF per month, caused a debate
with the Parliament. The Gabonese government placed at the disposal of national
Azingo " nearly 1 billion F CFA, Coast-in Ivoire approximately 500 million.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BODY : (by
year : more recent with oldest)
I. WORKS
The World Bank (2000), Edge Africa claim the 21st centry?
, Washington D.C.
DUNKLEY G. (2000), The Free Trade Adventure, The WTO, the
Uruguay Round and
Critical Globalism-A, London and New York, Zed
Books.
SKLAIR Leslie (2000), Social Movement and Total Capitalism, in
TILLERS R, and AMY
H., Editors, From Modernization to Globalisation,
Oxford, BlackwellPublishers.
DUNNING J.H. (Editor, 2000), Areas, Globalization, and the
Knowledge-based Economy, Oxoford University Near.
TAE Hoon Oum, Jong-Hun Park and Anming Zhang (2000),
Globalization and strategic
alliances : the box off the airline industry,
Kidlington, Oxford, elsevier Ltd Science.
Késenne Stefan (1999), Competition policy in
Professional Sports, Europe after the
BOSMAN puts, Standaard ED. Ltd, Antwerp.
Quirk James and Fort Rodney (1999), Hardware Ball. The
Deceives off power in Pro TEAM Sports,
Princeton, Princeton University.
Ross F.S. (1999) (Restraints one player competition that
facilitate competitive balance and
player development and to their legality in the United States
and in Europ, in
Jeanreaud Claude and Késenne Stefan (editors),
Competition policy in Professional
Sports, CIES, Neuchâtel, Antwerp, Standaard
Editions).
WILL David H. (1999), The viewpoint federations one the new
transfer rules, in Késenne S., Jeanrenaud C., COp. Cit.
AAKER D.A (1998), Strategic Market Management, New
York, John Wiley & sounds, Inc.
BOROUGH and GOUGUET (1998), analyze economic sport,
Paris, PUF
European Commission, (1998), Evolution and perspective of
the Community action in
Sport, Brussels, September 29.
Kinkema, K & Harris, J. (1998). Mediasport studies :
Key research and emerging resulting. In Wenner, L. (ED.), Mediasport.
London and New York : Routledge.
MUCCHIELLI J.L (1998), Multinationals and
universalization, Paris, Edition of the Threshold.
EDGARD P. HIBBERT (1997), International Business. Strategy
and Operations, Hampshire,
Mac Milan Close Ltd.
FIFA, (1997), Articles 6 and 7 of the regulation on the
statute and the transfers of the players,
updated in October.
GROU Pierre (1997), Unification of the thought and economic
universalization. Reflections on
the dynamics of the systems, Paris, Harmattan,
Conversciences collection
Jacquemin Alexis and Pench Lucio R., Editors (1997), Europe
competing in the total
Economy, carryforwards off the Competitivness Advisory
group, Luxembourg,
european communities.
Noll Roger G and Zimbalist Andrew (1997), Sports, Jobs and
Taxes. The economic impact off Sports Teams and Stadiums, Washington,
Brookings Institution Near.
SFI (1997), the Foreign Direct Investment, Washington,
D.C, TRUSTED.
Blanpain Roger (1996), the Bosman Business. End of the era
of the transfers ? Leuven, Peeters.
The United Nations (1996), Investment, Trade and Policy
Arrangements, World Investment Carryforward
New York.
Garrette, B and Dussauge P, (1995), strategies of
alliances, Paris, ED. of Organization.
Hoffmann., Weber and Al (1995), Die wirtschaftliche
bedeutung of the Sports, Schorndorf,
Hoffman.
Keagan, W and De Leersnyder, J.M (1994) Strategy of
provisioning and production with
the world scale, Paris, Interédition.
Chris Rolfe, (1993), Foreword of Coopers and Lybrand,
International Transfer Pricing,
Oxfordshire, Ech ED.
QUIVY R. and CAMPENHOUDT L.V., (1988), Handbook of Research
in Social Sciences, Paris, Bordered.
Torkildsen G (1986), Leisure and recreation management,
Cambridge, second edition,
University Near.
Robert Laffont-Gramont (1975), multinationals, Lausanne
and Barcelona.
II. ARTICLES, SPEECH, NEWSPAPERS, REVIEWS, SPEECH AND
WEB
Anderff Wladimir (2000), L '' evolution of the European model
of financing of the sport
professional, in Reflections and Perspective of the
economic life, Divides into volumes
XXXIX-2000-n°2-3).
BROHM J.M, (2000), the hour of the championship of Europe of
football. The law of the jungle,
Supreme stage of the Sport ? , In the Diplomatic
World, June).
Dresser, Marie-George, (2000), Agence France Presses
(AFP), September 1.
FIFA, Article 34, subparagraph 2, not B of the statutes
such as adoptees by the congress from June 6, 1990 with
Rome and amended by the congresses from July 3, 1992 in
Zurich, June 16, 1994 in Chicago, July 04, 1996 in Zurich, June 08, 1997 in
Paris and by the congress
extraordinary from July 09, 1999 in Los Angeles.
HENNION Blandine (2000), in Release of July 28.
Johnson, R. (1986). Farming What is studies anyway ?
Social Text.
Késenne (2000), consequences of the Bosman stop for
European football,
in Reflections and Perspective of the economic life, Sport
and Universalization.
Which stake for the 21st century? , Volume XXXIX,
n°s 2-3.
Kurscheidt (2000), the macro-economic weight of the sport and
the economic spectacle :
Methodology, results empirical and economic outlooks in the
case of
Germany, in Reflections and Perspective of the economic
life, Volume XXXIX, n°s 2-3.
MONTI Mario (2000), Sports and competition policy, Conference
held in Brussels, 17
April at the European Commission.
TELO Laurent (2000), in the Team, July.
Thibert Jacques (2000), in Football 365 of July 20.
Silk Mr. L. & Friendly J. (2000, pp267-292). Institutional
Press off and the production Televised Sport, In Newspaper off Sport
Management, vol. 14, n° 4, October.
Task, Mr. & Késenne, S. (2000), economic The
Significance off Sport in Flanders, Newspaper off Sport Management,
flight 14, n° 4, October.
Andersen, A. (1999). Economic impact study off the Sydney
Olympic Ranges : Full carryforward. Tasmania : Center for
Regional Economic Analysis.
Andreff W. (1999), finances of the sport and L `ethical
sporting, in Review D `Economy.
CHABAY Olivier (1999), Sporting spirit counters commercial
spirit, Of amateurism to the sport
business, in economic Problems n°2.619, June.
Mathieu Edouard, 1999, p. 7) (French Industry and
universalization, in Problems
economic n° 2.586.
Mattys Nico (1999) ? , Yellow Paperboard with
football ? « Footie counters Footsie » : who
beats who ? , in economic Problems n° 2.619.
NYS J.F (1999), Football. Economic stake, in Manner of
seeing n° 39.
Perrot Etienne (1999), dangerous play of financial fusions,
in Project, December
Reuters (1999) Brussels, March 02.
Borough J.F (1998), Sports business and rules of the game,
in economic Problems, n°2.578 of August 12.
Cecilia GABIZON (1998), in Release of July 11.
Rahmann and Al, (1998), Sozio-Ökonomische Analyzes DER
fussball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006 in Deutschland : Gesellschaftliche
Wirkungen, Kosten-Nutzen-Analyzes
und Finanzierungsmodelle einer Sportgrossveranstaltung,
Cologne, Sport und Buch Strauss.
UDRY Charles-Andre (1998), Funds of the goals (IV). Gurus and
160 million faithful, in Release, July 10).
Task, Mr., Késenne, S. & Al (1998). De Economische
Betekeris van Sport in Vlandere, Report/ratio BLOSO, Brussels.
Drucker P (1997), total The economy and the State Nation,
in Foreign Affairs, September-October.
Gazetta dello Sport quoted by Information Morning of January
5-6, 1997.
Roy (1997), in PSG News of October 20, 1997.
Büch (1996), Sport und Ökonomie: Märkte um den
sport und ihre wirtschaftliche bedeutun in Deutschland, Aus Politik und
Zeitgeschichte, n° B29/96.
MARTINEZ (1996), Universalization of the international economy
and contradictions regional, in Southern Alternatives, Flight. III
(1996) 4.
Urbsf (1996), Article IV/61 of the payment on the
transfers.
Africa Football (1995), No 95, December.
Africa Football (1995), No 94, November.
Business C-415/93 known as Bosman of December 15, 1995.
Crompton, H. (1995), Economic impact analysis off Sport
facilities and vents : Eleven sources off misapplication, In Newspaper
off Sport Management, vol. 9, n° 1.
Heinemann (1995), Einführung in die Ökonomie of
the sports : Ein Handbuch, Schorndorf.
OECD (1993), Re-examined STI, December.
Burgan, B & Mules, T. (1992). Economic impact off sporting
vents, In Annals off Tourism Research.
Yoshika, c.f., Virden, R.J. & Knop, F.C. (1991). Toward
year integrated have the economic impact off off community recreation vents,
In Leisure Information Quarterly, vol. 17, n° 2.
BOZ Y and Al (1989), Collaborate with your competitors and
win, in Harvard Business Re-examined,
Vol. 67, n° 1, January-February.
Business 222/86 Heylens counters Unctef, Rec. 1987, p.
4097
LEONTIADES James (1984), Market share and Corporate Strategy
in International Industries, Newspaper off Business strategy, Summer.
Van Den Bulcke Daniel (1982), the trade intra-group :
importance and effects of
international trade inside the multinational corporations in
some industrialized countries of which Belgium, in the World economic
Environment, 5th congress of the Belgian economists of French language,
Cifop, Charleroi.
Businesses 36/74 Walrave counters UCI, in Rec. 1974, p.
1405 ;
Business 13/76 Donà counters Mantero, Rec. 1976,
p. 1333 ;
Business 222/86 Heylens counters Unctef, Rec. 1987, p.
4097
Gerhard Schroeder and Tony Blair, Communicated
n°425, HTTP: //fr.bundesregierung.de/frameset/.
http://fr.sports. Yahoo.com/000901/1/mblz.html.
.
| 
