Conclusion
En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude
permettent de confirmer notre hypothèse de recherche selon laquelle
le commerce international qui est un aspect
de la mondialisation parmi tant d'autres contribue a la
réduction de la pauvreté et des inégalités dans
les pays en développement et les économies en
transition : l'ouverture croissante au commerce international se compense d'une
forte diminution
de leur pauvreté et de leurs inégalités
toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs.
Cette conclusion se rapproche de celle de Martin Rama, pour qui
la mondialisation
ne peut pas être considérée comme une
source d'inégalités accrues. En revanche, cité par Rama,
Lundberg et Squire (1999) ont trouvé que l'ouverture
commerciale conduit a des inégalités fortes.
ANNEXE
|
Country
|
Year
|
PL
|
mean$
|
H(%)
|
PG(%)
|
SPG(%)
|
Gini(%)
|
Ratio du
Commerce
Extérieur
|
Z1
|
Z2
|
|
Argentina-Urban
|
1998
|
32.74
|
344.98
|
1.15
|
0.05
|
0
|
49.84
|
23.3
|
2.21126442112586
|
1161.272
|
|
Belarus
|
1998
|
32.74
|
281.73
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
27.95
|
130
|
15.1073723068186
|
3633.5
|
|
Brazil
|
1998
|
32.74
|
308.95
|
9.94
|
3.15
|
1.32
|
60.66
|
17.5
|
1.85450720181259
|
1061.55
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
1998
|
32.74
|
71.77
|
29.23
|
7.81
|
3.01
|
46.85
|
46.3
|
21.1211090985091
|
2169.155
|
|
Burundi
|
1998
|
32.74
|
40.24
|
54.56
|
22.68
|
12.66
|
42.39
|
35.4
|
28.8020874751491
|
1500.606
|
|
Chile
|
1998
|
32.74
|
470.57
|
0.85
|
0.11
|
0.02
|
56.65
|
56.4
|
3.92404105659094
|
3195.06
|
|
Colombia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
267.72
|
14.51
|
8.84
|
7.54
|
60.66
|
33.5
|
4.09678021813835
|
2032.11
|
|
Costa Rica
|
1998
|
32.74
|
346.26
|
6.94
|
3.41
|
2.24
|
51.3
|
99.8
|
9.43641194478138
|
5119.74
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
1998
|
32.74
|
93.31
|
15.53
|
3.82
|
1.42
|
43.75
|
82.1
|
28.8067088200622
|
3591.875
|
|
Croatia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
371
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
26.82
|
89
|
7.85407008086253
|
2386.98
|
|
Dominican
Republic
|
1998
|
32.74
|
425.7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
47.44
|
70.1
|
5.3912943387362
|
3325.544
|
|
Ecuador
|
1998
|
32.74
|
150.9
|
15.78
|
6.32
|
3.62
|
53.53
|
61.6
|
13.3650364479788
|
3297.448
|
|
El Salvador
|
1998
|
32.74
|
120.96
|
21.39
|
7.94
|
3.89
|
52.17
|
58.8
|
15.9152777777778
|
3067.596
|
|
Estonia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
227.65
|
0.08
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
37.64
|
169.2
|
24.3338809576104
|
6368.688
|
|
Gambia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
96.07
|
26.49
|
8.76
|
3.77
|
50.23
|
113.2
|
38.5777870302904
|
5686.036
|
|
Guatemala
|
1998
|
32.74
|
192.57
|
7.89
|
1.59
|
0.47
|
55.83
|
45.5
|
7.7357324609233
|
2540.265
|
|
Guyana
|
1998
|
32.74
|
266.1
|
2.98
|
0.6
|
0.16
|
44.58
|
203.379
|
25.0230306651635
|
9066.63582
|
|
Honduras
|
1998
|
32.74
|
131.14
|
23.84
|
11.62
|
7.47
|
56.3
|
97.939
|
24.451142748208
|
5513.9657
|
|
Hungary
|
1998
|
32.74
|
210.65
|
0.38
|
0.32
|
0.32
|
24.44
|
102.2
|
15.8843009731783
|
2497.768
|
|
Iran. Islamic
Rep.
|
1998
|
32.74
|
285.65
|
0.26
|
0.04
|
0.01
|
44.1
|
28
|
3.20924207946788
|
1234.8
|
|
Latvia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
166.88
|
1.53
|
0.67
|
0.61
|
33.62
|
30
|
5.88566634707574
|
1008.6
|
|
Lithuania
|
1998
|
32.74
|
190.48
|
0.59
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
32.16
|
106.3
|
18.2710100797984
|
3418.608
|
|
Macedonia. FYR
|
1998
|
32.74
|
204.63
|
0.9
|
0.71
|
0.7
|
28.21
|
97.6
|
15.6156184332698
|
2753.296
|
|
Mexico
|
1998
|
32.74
|
215.75
|
7.98
|
2.07
|
0.75
|
53.11
|
64.4
|
9.77268134414832
|
3420.284
|
|
Mongolia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
52.55
|
27.02
|
8.08
|
3.4
|
30.27
|
105
|
65.4176974310181
|
3178.35
|
|
Nicaragua
|
1998
|
32.74
|
52.76
|
44.68
|
16.62
|
8.22
|
45.24
|
110.6
|
68.632373009856
|
5003.544
|
|
Poland
|
1998
|
32.74
|
232.6
|
0.46
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
31.6
|
30
|
4.22269991401548
|
948
|
|
Romania
|
1998
|
32.74
|
172.11
|
1.39
|
0.89
|
0.88
|
31.19
|
59.9
|
11.3946080994713
|
1868.281
|
|
Russian
Federation
|
1998
|
32.74
|
131.74
|
12.66
|
3.46
|
1.27
|
48.67
|
58.5
|
14.5384089873994
|
2847.195
|
|
Slovenia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
502.25
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
28.41
|
114.8
|
7.48342857142857
|
3261.468
|
|
Uruguay-Urban
|
1998
|
32.74
|
409.19
|
0.61
|
0.2
|
0.12
|
45.18
|
44.4
|
3.55252083384247
|
2005.992
|
|
Venezuela. RB
|
1998
|
32.74
|
156.79
|
14.31
|
6.58
|
4.08
|
49.53
|
40.1
|
8.3734549397283
|
1986.153
|
|
Vietnam*
|
1998
|
32.74
|
98.78
|
3.8
|
0.48
|
0.1
|
35.52
|
95.3
|
31.5865762300061
|
3385.056
|
|
Yemen. Rep.
|
1998
|
32.74
|
84.24
|
10.21
|
2.3
|
0.85
|
33.44
|
88.1
|
34.2401946818613
|
2946.064
|
|
Zambia
|
1998
|
32.74
|
38.52
|
64.78
|
33.65
|
21.77
|
53.8
|
67.8
|
57.6264797507788
|
3647.64
|
Sources : Base de données de la Banque
mondiale et Rapports PNUD.
| 
