Energizing toward independence: eu energy diversification policies since the Russia-Ukraine war: a comparative study of France, Germany, and Spain

V- Conclusion

I would like to outline some limitations regarding the results of this analysis which I think are important to be aware of before concluding. Firstly, the interviews are subject to an institutional bias, as the interviewees are mainly directly linked to European institutions, which may overrepresent the official discourse, with a tendency to minimize failures and highlight successes, while leaving little room for societal voices that receive less visibility in this thesis. Furthermore, the results are not static, such as Germany's position on nuclear energy, meaning that we can expect the conclusions to evolve in other directions in the coming years or months. With regard to European policies, particularly REPowerEU, it is difficult to measure the impact at this stage as the transposition process is still ongoing. Finally, the methodology used is ideal for highlighting national energy trajectories, but on the other hand, it can give the impression of fragmented European coherence without incorporating collective dynamics.

36

This thesis has thus confirmed that the EU has accelerated the diversification of energy sources, and need more unity between the MS to move further toward independence. The EU has succeeded in rapidly disengaging from Russia, significantly reducing its imports, which led to diversification primarily in geographical terms, with a shift in supplies towards the US, Norway, Algeria and Qatar. On the other hand, structural diversification (renewables and hydrogen) is progressing more slowly and differently across MS. The result is a historic acceleration but one marked by increased fragmentation. Yet there have been notable successes. Germany has built floating LNG terminals in record time, while continuing to massively expand renewables to achieve 80% decarbonized electricity by 2030, reinforced by the reversibility of gas flows with its neighbors. France, for its part, has confirmed nuclear power as a pillar of its energy sovereignty, with the announcement of new EPR2 reactors, the extension of the lifespan of existing power plants and active participation in the H2Med hydrogen corridor. Finally, Spain has accelerated the deployment of large-scale solar and wind projects, affirming its position as a leader in green energy and its capacity to become an energy hub via H2Med and gas pipelines.

These developments coexist with ongoing limitations, where energy mixes diverge. At the EU level, fragmentation is evident in disagreements over green taxonomy and interconnections. Meanwhile, new dependencies are emerging, fueling new paradoxes regarding European sovereignty. Several conditions appear essential to ensure future success as follows: reform of the electricity market to stabilize prices and boost investor confidence; the establishment of strategic infrastructure such as Iberian interconnections, hydrogen corridors and massive storage capacities; political discourse toward social acceptability and unified Europe, in order to avoid local opposition to energy projects; and finally, more ethical energy diplomacy, capable of limiting the risk of green extractivism and promoting more balanced partnerships.

37

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