5.4 Bordering populations awareness
According to the dictionary Larousse (1990), quoted by KLASSOU
(thesis, 1996), «environment, is the unit, at a moment, physical agents,
biological and the social factors likely to have a direct or indirect,
immediate effect or in the long term, on the living organisms and the
activities human». From this definition, it can admit that the Man takes a
significant part in the environmental degradation, his space life.
Nowadays, environmental degradation is a serious concerns
subject in many areas of the world; thus, many projects of development and
institutions charged to protect the environment tried to solve the problem in
margin of the populations, but the objectives appeared out of attack. The
failure comes from the ascribable start to the fact that did not know to
realize environment management contained also socio cultural dimensions.
It is thus convenient, for the sustainable development of the
Zio basin, to involve directly all bordering populations; by sensitizing on the
principles of participative local development, the awakening of the
environmental stakes of site users. It acts, to some extent to include so much
the aspect environment in all socio cultural activities; to develop
relationship between culture and environment at all levels; to integrate the
concept into lived daily of the populations so as to respond them face their
own becoming.
5.5 Anti-erosive measurements and soil erosion
control
There are several technical to protect basins slopes and
courses water against the silting up. Those which can be adapted in Zio basin
are stop shoulders, renewable organic matter stock; establish anti-erosive
works, drainage, contour and terraces crop. Not very expensive, they were
tested successfully in Ghana, Togo neighboring country, precisely in Volta
valley:
- Stop shoulders, as their name indicates,
they stop sediments transported by surface waters and are built either using
plants perennial settings in hedge laid out perpendicular to the slopes either
carried out starting from stone or deadwood. It can associate two manners to
reinforce the fight. Also, benches settlement is effective to fight against
erosion. Benches technical, is practiced to slow down erosion speed, with the
intercalated cultures (tomato, corn, bean, groundnuts etc...); alleys of
benches are used to cultivate the graminaceous consumable or not.
- Organic matter stock reconstitution, to
rehabilitate a temporarily abandoned ground, it can carry out the mechanical
clearing to make clean the culture field; the peasant can give again a
structure supporting the ventilation of the ground by some animal and vegetable
wastage (scum of sugar cane so much produces in the basin);
- Cultures in contours line and terraces, to
intensify the protection of the slopes emphasized, it can practice the culture
in contours, a culture established according to the level lines; balks of
culture, obstacles to the surface waters cross the slope following his
undulation. Terrace cultivation practiced to slow down speed of surface waters
in staircases or levels;
- Work anti-erosive and drainage, it
reinforces the device enumerated above and relates construction of the water
channels which will substituted drains, gullies and ravines. Laid out slopes
parallel, this latter will be used to evacuate surface waters towards the
principal flow; grids will be posed at the ends of the channels so to avoid
their filling up by clearing products.
In the low of the slopes, dams and stakes of stop are indicated
to fight against hydrous
erosion; they resist the attacks of water and last
a long time when they are out of concrete.
The latter block the sediments of erosion which can be taken to
rehabilitate the slopes exposed by water or for other work.
About soil erosion and according to Meyer and Wischmeier (USA,
1980) quoted by Fenli (CIPSEM, 2007), soil erosion control in river basin can
use Erosion Prediction Model which allow to, develop easily a
reasonable estimate of soil loss, manage soil adjusted decisions, evaluate
management impacts and assess resource inventory. This model uses Revised
Universal Soil Loss Equation, Version 2 (RUSLE 2) which is:
A = EI x K x LS x C x P x SSF
Where:
A = Average annual soil loss in tons/acre/year; EI = Rainfall
energy and intensity; K = Soil erodibility (Texture, Structure); LS = Slope
length, grade, shape; C = Cover-management factor (Rotation, Tillage); SSF =
Adjustable factor for Slope shape; P = Supporting practices (Terraces,
Contours, Buffers)
Soil discharge quantity obtained per year will be an indicator to
know if the basin area concern will submit with reforest or not.
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