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Landfill sites selection for municipal solid waste using multi criteria evaluation techniques. Case of Rusizi town, Rwanda

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par Fidele RUGIRAMANZI
National university of Rwanda - Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Geo-Information Science 2013
  

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3.3.3.5. Costs for the after-care

The costs for after-care is not only dependent on the kind of final use but also on provisions to monitor the groundwater quality, existence of gas, the winning of gas, the stability of the completed landfill. Needed provisions are depending on the characteristics of the filled waste, the kind of subsoil, the hydrogeological situation, and the kind of final use.

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2.3.4. Hydrologic/Hydrogeologic Criteria 2.3.4.1. Surface water

The landfill site should not be placed within surface water or water resources protection areas to protect surface water from contamination by leachate. Safe distances from meandering and non-meandering rivers should be achieved to prevent waste from eroding into rivers and major streams. A landfill should not be located within 100 feet (30.48 m) of any non-meandering stream or river, and at least 300 feet (91.44 m) from any meandering stream or river. Large ponds, lakes, and reservoirs should have a buffer zone of land to prevent blown debris and runoff from harming aquatic habitats. Large bodies of water (greater than 20 acres (80937.45 m2) of surface area) should be at least 100 feet (30.48 m) from any landfill site.

2.3.4.2. Groundwater

To protect subsurface drinking water, landfills should not be situated over high quality groundwater resources. Fresh groundwater (total dissolved solids>1000 mg/l) should be avoided or protected with a compound liner system and monitoring wells (Bagchi, 1994). Since potential leachate leaks will travel down gradient, landfills should be placed greater than 304.8 m (1000 feet) up gradient from water wells.

2.3.5. Topographical Criteria

The topography of an area is an important factor on site selection, structural integrity, and the flow of fluids surrounding a landfill site because it has important implications for landfill capacity, drainage, ultimate land use, surface and groundwater pollution control, site access and related operations (Wilson, 1977). Deciding the type of landfill design (area-, trench-, and depression-type landfills) is directly related to topography of a site.

2.3.6. Geological Criteria

The geology of an area will directly control the soil types created from the parent material, loading bearing capacity of the landfill's foundation soil, and the migration of leachate. Rock and its structure type will determine the nature of soils and the permeability of the bedrock. Geologic structure will influence the movement of leachate and potential rock-slope failure along joints and tilted bedding planes.

On the other hand, RURA states that a landfill site should meet the following criteria:

The site shall not be closer than three thousand (3,000) meters from an airport, airfield or site reserved for the construction of an airport or airfield;

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The site shall be located and operated in such a manner that it does not create significant negative impacts on flora and fauna on adjoining land;

The site shall not be closer than four hundred (400) meters from an existing residential development;

The edge of the landfill shall not be closer than hundred (100) meters from an area to which the public have access, a national park, protected area or an area having national historical or archaeological significance;

There must be a buffer area around the landfill of at least twenty (20) meters to allow provision for visual screening from adjoining properties.

Landfill access roads shall be located and constructed so as to have a minimum impact on adjacent residents.

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