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Pastoral Husbandry in Ariège: Animal Vulnerability on Rangelands, Adaptations to Accompaniment Measures of the Brown Bear (Ursus artos) Reintroduction and Conservation Plan in French Pyrenees 2006-2009 and Farming System evolutions

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par Eric Duplex ZOUKEKANG
INPT/ENSAT/ENFA - Master AgroBioSciences: The Agro Food Chain 2008
  

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1.1.3.3 Social impact on grazing behaviour of herbivorous

Herbivorous are characterized inter alia by their gregariousness, which is one of major reason for their domestication. In domestic ungulates social grouping strongly influences grazing behaviour. Social relationships within a group influence individual strategies for dietary choices, exploitation of feeding sites and spatial distribution on rangeland. Group living gives the young animals social models, first his dam then his peers and the other members of the group, which help to learn adequate food preferences and aversions. This social facilitation is more efficient than individual learning by trial and error. Group living is also thought to be advantageous for individual animals because they can use the feeding sites discovered by the other members of the group. Arnold and Dudzinski (1978) quoted by Dumont & Boissy (1999), reported that herds sheep and cattle are divided into several sub-units in low food availability conditions. Group living among herbivorous is an effective strategy against predation. (Jarman (1974); quoted by Dumont & Boissy, 1999).On the other hand, Foraging in group can force individuals to abandon a feeding site they estimate to be of good quality simply because all other group members leave this site. Also increased feeding competition will occur in a group due to the faster decrease in food availability, the low-ranking animals being the more affected. The spatial movements of the group involve "leadership" relations, the initiation of movement being usually the fact of the same animals (Sato, 1982).

1.1.3.4 Herdsman expertise, animal physiology and behaviour, topography and plant physiology for pastoral area utilisation

Because a diet is slowly constituted on rangeland, it is crucial to foresee a longer grazing time. This is 6 to 8h on meadow or good grassland; it reaches 8 to 12 h on rangelands and mountain pastures. This time varies according to season, weather conditions, type of milieu, animals' status. This time is divided into intake sequences even more many that the milieu is poor and the animal have to change frequently place where he can stabilize. On a hot summer days, the grazing time is shifted to the night-time and rumination to the day. Food requirements of animals fluctuate according to their physiological state. When vegetation's type of a park is known, hence shift of the grass shoot characterised, spreading of production and keeping up capacity, farmer decides seasons of use, load, levels of development and intensity of grazing. Adjustment of these animals and plants components is known as grazing calendar. This calendar can be considered as series of sequences, and sequence as series of parks. On rangeland in general, choices are guided by plant morphology: cows prefer leaf than stalks, young green organs than old, hardened, lignified or even yellow organs. Herds' movement with its dual logic, that of shepherd and that of animal behaviour, is a powerful differentiating factor of MSP sectors (Garde and al., 2005; Garde and al., 2007).

Herd guarding and herd watch are most often confused. But the function of the first is to take care of herd's feeding, and that of the second, herd's protection. The guard requires the competence of the shepherd; watch does not require particular expertise. There is no guarding practice, but a variety of ways to guide animals based on criteria such as type of resource available, forms of relief, ability of animals to explore more or less a bush-wooded milieu; visibility between sheep and shepherd and dog's one on the herd, physiological state of animals, animal initiation, objectives of animal body condition score expected by the stock breeder, respect of constraints related to other users... (Meuret, 1995; Garde and al., 2005; Garde and al., 2007).

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