1.1.3.5 Social and economic threats to pastoral land
Rangelands are currently undergoing rapid change affecting
many pastoralists and local communities. Lack of a permanent population in
pastoral areas often results in a reduced number of services being made
available to pastoralists. Some pastoral landholdings are not of an adequate
size and do not have adequate carrying capacity or infrastructure required for
a profitable enterprise. Recent macro-economic evolution, development of
secondary residences, and new forms of individual land tenure make difficult
the use of rangeland areas for farmers (Anonymous, 2007b). Major problem that
concerns all pastoral groups is linked to their land property rights and the
growing influence of non-pastoral groups and of external interest on resources
(Nori, 2006; Garde, 2007). Fragmentation of ownership renders difficult land
access. Multi-annual grazing conventions and verbal agreements between farmers
and owners do not guarantee farm's sustainability necessary to install
expensive fencing and pastoral equipments (Anonymous, 2007a). Moreover,
relations with other users (hunters, hikers, motorcycles...) are sometimes very
adversarial relationships generating vandalism acts (fence destructions,
robberies...).
Management pattern of MSP is then that of the agro-system,
which exports elements through animal production (meat, milk), and transfer
through animal dung. Animal grazing behaviour depends on many factors such as
its dietary preferences, available forage resources and physical environment.
Herbivorous mostly graze in groups and social relationship between different
animals also change eating behaviour of individual.
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