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UNIVERSITE NATIONALE DU RWANDA
ECOLE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE
MAITRISE EN SANTE PUBLIQUE
ABSTRACT
1. Context
Most of the people who belong to the vulnerable groups and
especially the historically marginalized groups live into conditions likely to
favor the risk of HIV and Aids. The situation of discrimination by the other
social groups leads to behaviors or attitudes favorable to the prevention
against HIV and Aids.
For historically marginalized groups, the situation still
remained unknown because since till then no specific studies had been conducted
in order to apprehend their situation. Thus, this study has been conducted to
this purpose.
2. Objectives
To determine the particularities of vulnerability and risk to
HIV and Aids by the Batwa, as social vulnerable and historically marginalized
group so as to propose operational strategies in order to prevent and/or to
reduce HIV and Aids prevalence in this group.
3. Methodology
Data collecting has effectively reached 130 individuals, say
10.4%, a largely acceptable and representative percentage for the reliability
of the survey results in social sciences.
The sample has been established at two degrees of survey: (i)
at the district level district, and (ii) to the household level. The study has
covered the former Province Cyangugu in the today's districts of Rusizi and
Nyamasheke and the one of Nyamagabe in the former province of Gikongoro, while
taking into account the balancing weight of locations habitually estimated as
populated by a significant number of individuals who the historically
marginalized Batwa group. The choice of the respondents has been focused on
heads of households, who have been randomly selected per site, a man and a
woman if possible. The analysis has been carried out through " SPSS»
and» Epi info" computer programme. Chi2 test has been applied with a 5%
statistical significance level.
4. Results
The results obtained from the descriptive analysis of the
respondents show that 60,7% of the respondents get married before the legal age
of 21 years old (the median age being 19 ; medium age : 20, the mode : 16 with
95% C I [19,5416-21,4346]).
In the same vein, regarding age at the first sexual intercourse,
more than the half of the respondents (57,7% ) have confirmed having had sex
before 21 years old and even before age sixteen (26,9%).
Still as regards sexual behavior, 43,8% of the respondents had
non-desired pregnancies before marriage; and a no-negligible group do not
perceive any risk of HIV infection (6,9%).
The majority of the respondents acknowledges that HIV does
exist (96,9%). So do they for the modes of its transmission and prevention. But
they don't know anything at all about Mothers to Child HIV Transmission
(PMTCT).
Only 5,4% of the respondents know about HIV prevention and
transmission methods, with reference to the three chief means of prevention;
notably sexual abstinence, fidelity to an unique non-infected partner and the
correct use of the preservative.
As concern prejudices formed around HIV, results demonstrate
that the respondents confuse HIV with the poisoning (79,2%). Women are more
inclined to believe this than men (60,2% versus 39,8% ).
The surveyed population accuses acute poverty as the main
reason which urges the Twa wife to have extra conjugal sexual relations in
order to satisfy her household primary needs. Among the given reasons, the
quest for food comes first (66,2%), then money and presents (32%) and finally
the valorization and/or prestige of having sex with rich person (2%).
As the marital status, married people are the most protected
(33,3%) in relation to independent union (0,0%) with p = 0,030; 95% IC
[0,562-0,791].
Regarding the use of the condom, results show that the
existence of the condom is almost totally known (96,9%). However, only 10,7% of
the respondents affirm having used the condom at least once in their life.
Given the fact that the Batwa live in isolation, they don't
easily access to information because only 8% argue that they have a health
animator within their group; the rest receive information from the radio
(28,1%), from neighbors (9,5%), in community meetings with local authorities
(19,8%) from the cell health animators (42,5%).
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