Memoire Online - E-Presse : Presse en danger ou complément de l'information

I first of all hold to thank Mr Frederic Saler way in which it received me and from time that it devoted to our maintenance carried out.

In the second place, I make a point of thanking Mr Laguerre to have followed me and have directed at the time of the constitution for this memory.

And finally, I make a point of thanking all the people who agreed to answer my questionnaire on the regional daily press on Internet

4.7Etat current of the profitability of the daily newspapers on the fabric P 56

In one century, technologies of the communication made fast and vertiginous progress.

One could note how the radio and television succeeded in being integrated in the company without to make disappear the other existing media.

Many people intend a glorious future and strong promises to him in its connection.

One does not know yet exactly how it will be integrated in our company and it is thus prone to many probable assumptions in its future.

Our population has a need for information concerning the world where it is located.

That can be topicality general, economic, sporting or different which is dependant according to its personal interests.

The media assume this role and one can say until there that the appearance of the new media like the radio and television were complémentarisés and converged.

Nevertheless the radio is made up of sounds and television of a marriage sounds and images whereas Internet diffuses primarily writing such that the newspaper industry.

The objective of this memory is to measure if this new technique with the promises which are made to him will prolong the history or on the contrary to even destabilize to destroy one of the first appeared media which are the printing works of the newspapers.

This memory aims to answer six essential assumptions which turn around the topic of the electronic press.

It was necessary for me thus to find primarily works theoretical in order to check my assumptions.

The first measure to be taken is thus to go to consult the various libraries and bookstores of Bordeaux. So several problems quickly appeared.

The second problem, which was most constraining, comes from nature from media Internet. This media is in perpetual evolution and the principal works found in these places were very quickly obsolete.

Indeed a work which was written in 1998 included/understood certain valid information nowadays but the majority were exceeded by the fast evolution of this tool and the methods which accompany it.

Nevertheless, a system of filtering on these works not very recent and the discovery of other works a little more recent made it possible to draw the fundamental theories to validate or cancel the put forth assumptions.

It should be noted that the theory which was used to me for the not-validation of my first assumption resulted almost exclusively from works.

The second method used to check my assumptions was to go to take information on the mother of all networks to knowing Internet.

Thanks to and the bond search engines in bonds, it was possible to direct me towards relevant information to check the assumptions.

There are works and whole reports/ratios of researchers, teachers and professionals who are at the disposal of the Net surfer.

Moreover Internet allowed me to go to examine the electronic versions of the daily newspapers in order to analyze if the theory were well applied by the electronic daily newspapers.

- To give an outline of the behaviors of the population concerning their accesses to the regional press.

It, initially, was carried out a discussion with a multi-media journalist with the South-western daily newspaper in order to explain me the methods of its work to analyze if they were well in adequacy with the theories drawn to check my assumptions.

In a second place was carried out a survey near the population of the South Basin in order to analyze the behavior of this population to reach regional information but there too to make it possible to support the theory which checks my assumptions.

Each under parts of the first two parts have an assumption stated in beginning, a theoretical study during its unfolding and a validation or a not-validation in end.

The Third part relates to primarily research on the ground which made it possible to support the theory and to give an outline of the access to regional information in our area.

This first part is devoted not to the press on Internet but to Internet as a whole.

The purpose of it is to give theoretical elements in order to check only one assumption whereas the second part aims to check five of them.

The choice to put only one assumption in this part comes from a more important need of theory than for the following ones but also because it will treat Internet as a whole whereas thereafter it is the press on Internet.

To read the press, to hear the radio, to listen to television, it seems that all that touches with Internet is developed by a promise of a better world.

This part aims to check if this new tool is well intended to carry out a social revolution.

My first assumption, setting ahead in this part, relates to Internet as a whole.

It emits that Internet is a tool of communication which in the future will revolutionize our company by modifying there the activities and the relations of our world population.

Internet network has soon a quarter century. Indeed, it is into 1969 that the American ministry for defense undertakes to build a data-processing communication network which can resist a nuclear attack. It is still during the time of the cold war and it is thus important for the government and the soldiers to be able to continue to make communicate, in all the cases of figures, all the organizations of defense. The original architecture of the network is explained for this reason : one should not create a central node, a center of order, which would be likely, if it were touched, to block the whole of the system.

In system Internet, all the computers connect themselves through thousands of networks. Also if a network does not function any more, if it is destroyed by an unfavourable power or so quite simply, it suffers from a clogging of calls, then information follow another advance to arrive to its recipient. In a word, Internet is a network of networks.

This method of construction facilitated the development of the system. Dice 1972 the network « ARPANET » is set up. It allows the connection of a score of military and university centers. For qu `Internet becomes a broader mean of communication, it will be necessary to await 1982, date on which, the access to the network is granted free.

The following year the National Science Foundation (NSF) American finance the setting in network of sixty American universities and three European. In 1985, the network of the NSF is integrated into Internet. One estimates then at 5000 the number of users of the network.

Especially the speed transmission increases gradually and, in 1986, the network is connected on the public lines. Consequently, Internet touches the whole of the scientific community. In 1987, 100.000 computers are connected and more than 3000 research centers dialog on Internet. Gradually Internet was diverted of its military function to interest the researchers and the academics. A community of user was born, who has his own culture where mix taste for data processing, is delirious of researcher and pleasure of the dialog.

The appearance of software of access to Internet, under Windows, for micro the computers, facilitates the approach of the Net. More known, mosaïc, will be distributed free to all the users of the network.

Moreover, with the progress of numerical compression, it video makes its entry on Internet. The networks on line thus approach the graphic quality of the CD-ROM.

But, it is especially since 1992, that the blow of accelerator is given. The conditions with Internet, for the private companies, are softened, so that all those which have the equipment necessary can propose services.

Commercial companies are installed on the network to sell services and time of connection. Consequently, of new actors appear on the network, of the thousands of people connect themselves. Internet becomes a phenomenon of company.

I first of all make a point of specifying that these reflections made to check this assumption were theoretically drawn from the works of Domenica Wolton « Internet and afterwards » but also of Breton Philippe « The worship of the Internet.

For thirty years a waltz of progress of the tools of communication has taken place. The men vis-a-vis the techniques of communication are pressed, always late and seek fast progress.

One thus has, now, of the means of communication which are fast and without border.

Internet has been for a few years a tool which is proposed. Many people regard it as a tool which will upset positively and radically the company.

It must enable us by a better freer, more interdependent communication to be and to decrease the social inequalities.

It is a tool which will increase the capacity of our democracy, from its possible interactivity, but it is also a door towards a world unification.

The press, body which is easily skeptic, is, him also, accordingly of the race to progress.

Since ten years, it published an incalculable number of supplements written or audio-visual on new technologies, quoting constantly the United States like models it to follow and denouncing the delay of French mentalities.

According to him « these visions technicists of the future are all founded on the idea, dominant in the United States, of the primacy of technology on the company. Their greater defect is to ignore the history... Obnubilated by technology, they do not know which the human societies were always more complicated than the most sophisticated technologies. »

Indeed it thinks that technical progress does not suffice for him to only reveal a change of the communication and culture.

It thinks that if a technique of communication plays an essential part, it is because it symbolizes a radical rupture existing simultaneously in the cultural order in the company.

It is not the printing works, which in oneself upset Europe, but it is the bond between the printing works and the deep movement of questioning of the catholic church. It is the reform which gave its direction to the revolution of printing works and not the printing works which allowed the reform.

In the same way the radio, then television had this impact only because they were related to the deep movement in favor of the democracy of mass.

If the techniques are the visible element of the communication, essence is the cultural model which they convey, and the project concerning the role and the organization of the communication system of a company.

Another example which Domenica Wolton in^2(*) his theory quoted is what it calls the European desert of the communication.

It explains us why to wonder about European mutual comprehension does not limit itself to a technical interrogation.

Indeed Europe is made up of 370 million inhabitants and it is not while placing inter-connected computers and televisions that one will solve the problem of the European cause.

It will be necessary to re-examine the history, the symbols, the representations, the ideologies, the stereotypes... and the performance of the tools appears ridiculous.

The European countries have all a strong culture and identity but if they had suddenly had a will of really living then the techniques jointly would join to carry out this bond but one returns from there to the dependence of the techniques compared to a cultural model and to a social project.

Internet is thus not, with its analysis, a revolution as much declare it but it is clear that new technologies have assets which are undeniable and which attract a primarily young public.

There is a certain psychological dimension which, indeed, is essential in the attraction of new technologies because those Ci join the deep movement

They are the symbol of freedom and the capacity to control time and space, a little as the car in the Thirties.

One can summarize this attraction in three words which are : autonomy, control and speed.

Each one can act, without intermediary, when he wants, without filter nor hierarchy and in real time.

I do not wait, I not acted and the result is immediate. That gives a feeling of absolute freedom and even of power, whose account well the expression returns « surfer on the Net ».

An open world accessible to all, and which finally gives a chance to each one, whatever its route and its diplomas.

And it is for one of these reasons that new technologies acquire a social dimension, because they make it possible to give a new chance to those which missed the first.

It is not only the abundance, the freedom and the absence of control which allure but also the possibility of a possible car-promotion without school, without Master and control.

One can according to Philippe Breton^3(*) distinguish three positions concerning attraction for Internet.

There are the partisans of whole Internet, the partisans of a reasoned use and the technophobes.

The partisans of whole Internet will deploy all their energy to try to make develop Internet which they see like the future of the man and our company.

The partisans of the reasoned use see Internet as a tool equipped with considerable assets to exploit but they do not place it in optics to make a social revolution.

The technophobes are those which are opposed to the new techniques of communication and more particularly to Internet.

Indeed it can be related on the ignorance and the frustration of the new techniques.

The inequality of the personal and professional situations, and the inequality of education can cause this phenomenon.

There are also those which are irritated by the apology made by the media on Internet and which prefer to refuse it in block without them having really value judgments.

For example Bill Gates^4(*) speaks to us, in his work « the road ahead », that Internet will be able to enrich our leisures and our cultures, that it will attenuate our urban tensions since each one will work at his place or in a country house.

He promises that one will learn with better controlling our life in all these aspects thanks to the new communication networks.

He makes, already there, a rather considerable promise, but one can quote another character who accentuates his remarks.

Pierre Lévyest^5(*) author of multiple tests, on this topic, which will have a great influence in the mediums of new information technologies and beyond.

Levy does not hesitate to evoke it « total reconnection of the mankind with itself » that Internet will allow.

It thinks that the true destination of the man is to be a planet gear, taking an active part in the collective intelligence of its species.

All its remarks speak to us about the true finality of new information technologies. All occurs as if Internet had the capacity to reduce the tensions, to build a more harmonious and conflict social bond. The imaginary world that its speeches propose to us calm, luminous and is pacified.

It is a also question of being able to do everything at home without moving of its armchair. All the activities there will thus be found that one exerts downtown like some other news.

The topic of the transparency frequently returns in the mediums of new technologies.

This value even made irruption in the world of the policy, which certainly under the old government, Lionel Jospin had declared at the time of the ten ninth summer school that « the entry of our country in the company of information corresponded to more access to the knowledge and the culture, more employment and of growth, more public utility and of transparency, more democracy and of freedom ».

The transparency is here on the same level as other values considered to be fundamental.

The concept of transparency is sometimes comparable with the Utopia of a social harmony, without secrecy neither lie, opposition nor conflict.

The fact of making more harmonious the world by Internet implies to give up the conflicts, the oppositions, division, criticism, the power plays.

For that, the continuation of an ideal of transparency implies that Internet is a completely open network.

It is necessary that there is a generalized interconnection and that one lets pass what about is deprived, from the close friend, of the secrecy.

Six friends are in a house 24h on 24 and all that they make is filmed on the Net and available in the whole world.

For the fundamentalist ones of Internet, the ideal of a transparent world incarnates itself in one « village total », without border, law, unconstrained. Freedom of movement in is imperative, and any standard which makes obstacle with this freedom of movement is perceived a such enemy with this transparency.

The hacking is also sometimes compared to this desire of transparency. The attacks which were made in 2000 against the gate of yahoo was not to divert confidential data but it was well the active worship of the transparency, the opening, the suppression of the secrecy which can explain such behaviors.

According to Pascal bubble^7(*), author of an article in release in February 2000, the bibliographies of pirates are rare, but the little which one has resembles. For saying that in their youth, they dismounted all the objects in order to try to include/understand how they functioned.

Internet is a mother of all networks which allows, if it be thorough at the end, to separate the men and to exempt them of any direct meeting.

The most direct partisans of Internet affirm, which to profit from the promises which Internet offers to reach this new world, then, it will be necessary to transfer to it the majority from the activities that up to that point we realize differently : work, leisures, television, trade, relations with others, the prayer, and for more the extremists sexuality.

Any communication, any meeting, any relation must from now on pass by the network.

A concept which is put in parallel is that the desire of a better world can come owing to the fact that our current world is marked by violence.

The goal is to go towards a pacification while moving away from the other. Each one among us wants to be locked up in a bubble and a pacified universal communication : all advantages of the communication without its risks.

All the relations will be done since at home, in fact cybers-relations would exempt the direct relations and their disadvantages.

Internet would bring peace in a disturbed world which does not see how to make peace.

Often the partisans of Internet have evil to come into direct contact with people. A Net surfer can spend the hours in a cybercafé to communicate on the Net and to have a large difficulty in come into contact with his neighbor of left.

It is necessary to pay attention to this multi connection, because no matter what say the partisans of Internet, always a moment ago when it will be necessary to release the machines and to learn how to speak with somebody directly .

The chiefs D `state has all the means to communicate between them by the machines but it is seen that they take the plane to make thousands of kilometers in order to have a direct relation.

A promise of Internet is that, from its access to the universal culture, and from its possibility of planetary communication, it will be a tool which will cause a drop in the inequalities.

Indeed according to Domenica Wolton^8(*) and Breton Philippe^9(*), Internet is a tool which will reinforce the inequalities.

There is already five million illiterate in France to which will be added the i-electronism. Everyone is not familiarized with the tool of new technologies and the schools just start to teach it.

The problem is especially in the Third World countries where the population has less the occasion to be familiarized with these new technologies.

We are very far from the speeches of « reunification of the conscience universal » and nearer to the traditional figure of the increase in the domination of some, because of control of the tools of communication.

Moreover Internet, contrary on television and with the radio which offer same information for everyone, is a tool where the person must go to seek her own information.

The problem is that it is already necessary to have assets to go to seek information.

Somebody who arrives on the site of the museum of the Louvre or the library of Paris must have a minimum of knowledge to know what to ask.

He thus y will have a difference in use of Internet according to the sociocultural level.

It is not all, information on Internet, which will have an added value, risk in the future to become more and more paying then will be added in more one financial selection.

Jean-Paul Fitoussi^10(*) wrote a work on this subject, « the new age of the inequalities », which represents this thought well.

Freedom is a concept which by the use of Internet is likely to be threatened under certain aspects.

One often speaks about the network level denounced in a report/ratio of the European Parliament. ^11(*)

The national sécurity agency is shown to devote itself to an activity of systematic interception of the world communications, in particular those which forward by Internet.

Freedoms are also threatened by a development of the aspects of the electronic trade.

Such is the topic of the report/ratio 1999 of the national commission on data processing and freedoms (CNIL)^12(*) in France which worries about the development of the cyber-monitoring and the conditions about the electronic trade.

Simple clicks and one passes to the decision of purchase and with the payment on line, the impulsive ones may find it beneficial to be controlled.

Moreover and as he is written a little more explicitly in the continuation of this memory, the controls of publicities try with certain successes to violate the private life of the Net surfers.

The principle is simple and it did not await new communication and information technologies for that.

More the advertizing executive knows the life, the tastes, the practices of that to which it is addressed more it will be able to adapt its message and to increase the chances to allure its interlocutor and thus to sell.

Another point, as one saw it is necessary to be wary of the multi connection so that it does not decrease too our direct relations but there is another consequence to take into account.

Indeed, a man who has his various portables, his electronic mails, his soon marketed faxes and other services will be unceasingly reachable.

It is enough to already see the slave system which represents a portable telephone. There is there too a mistrust to have on our freedom.

It is difficult to know how Internet will develop that it is in a remote future or near.

One saw by these various analyzes that a propaganda on the topic of « revolution Internet » invaded the media since the end of 90.

Indeed Internet is a tool which, from its technical performance, is able to revolutionize a company but it would be necessary for that that our company has a strong and general will of modification to go in this direction.

If it has this general will then it will be able to take support on Internet to do what one calls a social revolution.

Even under the social pressure of the media and their promises, it is very probable that a company any Internet as the strongest partisans see it is not possible.

It appears clear that our company does not wish to digitize the whole of its activities.

On the other hand even if Internet is not a revolution as promised, it is very probable that the technical potentiality of this tool will attract part of the population.

It thus will not be a social revolution but it will modify and create part of the economic activities and social.

Internet will cause social positive assets but it is also likely to involve perverse effects.

This enormous data base which constitute the mother of all networks can be seen like a formidable tool of transparency for the population.

She will have access to many information but one of the risks is that, which one calls, it « No man' S Land legal » does not encroach on the intimate and private field of the people.

One also speaks about communication even of universal thought. Internet can allows all one each one to communicate with which one wishes, in real time, and to the other end of the world. The problem is that this technique will not remove our identity and our culture which is attached to our country.

Internet is also as one saw previously a tool which allows car-promotionner. The mother of all networks makes it possible to circulate there freely and at high speed. It is a new world where one can feel main.

Concurrently to that, one also saw the possible obstacles where freedoms and the risk of inequalities have as a probability of being accentuated with Internet.

The challenge is not with dimensions communication system but with dimensions of the differences and cohabitation i.e. the capacity to manage its differences. The race with the new techniques is likely to be frustrating because the stake of the communication is not the with dimensions one of the technical performance but of with dimensions of the test of the others.

Moreover the fundamentalist ones and the media push us towards Internet so much towards with dimensions to be it together world but also towards a singularisation.

The ideal life would be that where we would be separate, where the direct meeting would be reduced, it should be paid attention, because by-there, one already threatens a social bond in difficulty.

A study^13(*) carried out by the team of Robert Kraut near 256 people over two years with Pittsburgh showed that the use of Internet decreases the circle of the social relations close and remote, loneliness increases, increases the depressive feelings.

Recluses of a new kind appear everywhere, who maintain nothing any more but one report/ratio informational and instrumentalized in the world which surrounds them. These people build a social bond which is not completely any more that of a human society.

The assumption was to check that the media of Internet was going in the future to carry out in addition to its current technical revolution, a social revolution.

One understands by social revolution a general upheaval of the activities and relations of the people in our company.

According to these analyzes, it seems that this assumption is not completely checked and it is advisable to say that Internet will probably not be a social revolution but which it all the same will fit in our company and will deploy some positive and negative points there. Internet is all the same a tool with enormous potentialities which is worth really the sorrow to be interested in it.

On the near future, the development of access to Internet is calculable with much difficulty. One could say « who will live will see ». The immense din which is reflected everywhere, on television, in the media, publicity, the political speeches as well as in the daily conversations, « it is necessary that I put myself at it », one in the mouth of many people hears, give more the impression to yield to a social pressure than to have a real need for it.

Passed a certain threshold of diffusion, a technical object becomes essential, even if it is not wished and if its use poses problem.

Once reached this threshold, it will become difficult to do without from a computer and Internet under penalty of insulating the recalcitrant ones socially.

It is to reach this threshold that publicity aims initially the sensitive layers, in particular youth, targets privileged promise of a new world.

CONCLUSION FIRST PART

In conclusion of this part, It is important to say that it is necessary to relativize the concept of social revolution that some let claim.

Internet will not manage to create a company where any information would circulate freely and peacefully. It will not manage either to change the social reports/ratios considerably.

It is a powerful tool which will help us in many activities which they are economic, cultural, communication and different but it will not upset our world company basically.

It is a tool which is not inserted yet in our company and which seeks to take its place.

Its development is certainly far from being with maturity, but it does not seem to have for destiny to create a new and better world.

INTRODUCTION SECOND PART

This part aims to check five assumptions which relate to primarily the setting in electronic version of the daily newspapers of the French newspaper industry.

Internet, associated its promise of development, made us reflect on the possibility of a fall, even of a replacement of the newspaper industry by the electronic press.

This part will allow us, by theory, to analyze this point and to have an outline on the paradigms of the electronic press.

It is a question of analyzing the possibilities, operation, the actors, the statute and the state of the current market of this new activity of press by checking five assumptions.

It thus in this part five pennies left there including/understanding each one an assumption checked theoretically one after the other.

Once after having validated or not the assumptions then we will have made the theoretical turn of this analysis.

This second assumption states that the electronic version will compete with the version paper of the current daily newspapers.

The beginnings of the press on line go up to 1992 in the United States; in France, it is necessary to wait until 1995. The first experiment of setting on line was made by Chicago Tribune at the beginning of the year 1992. But the daily newspaper which has the appearance of an academic case is Mercury News, created in May 1993 by a daily newspaper of Silicon Valley, San Jose Mercury News. Its fast success is to be put in relation to the quite particular characteristics of the Californian valley: more than 60% of the hearths have a computer and the economic and cultural life is centered on research and new technologies.

The example of Release. At the beginning of the year 1995, Libération^14(*) launches a weekly supplement devoted to multi-media (appearing Friday). Noting the success of these pages, the direction of the daily newspaper decides to put the multi-media book on line. Since, the contents of the site largely developed: headings especially designed for the electronic version, rich iconography, paying files of the newspaper.

Thereafter of many regional daily newspapers or nationals launched out in adventure Internet like the South-western daily newspaper, Western France, the World....

According to a study of Benchmark Group^15(*) of April 2001, out of 3400 titles of French press, more than one third's is from now on present on Internet.

The debate on the future of the traditional newspaper industry currently oscillates between happy optimism and apocalyptic vision. Some prophesy the death of the newspapers and even that of the journalists, while others refuse to intend to speak about the numerical support and the consequences which rise from its use.

Before trying to examine the changes, the constraints and the assets which represent the emergence of the new interactive support, a remark is essential: in the history of the communication, never an innovation did not make disappear technologies which preexisted to him. Only the modes and the instruments of production changed. Thus, the arrival of the radio and television influenced becoming to it newspaper industry, but this one therefore did not disappear.

It is one of the first questions which comes to mind, namely the consequences which the press one line can cause with the newspaper industry.

As opposed to what certain people say, who place Internet above all, the newspaper industry will have beautiful days still in front of it. It should be known that per hour when begins the emergence of the press on line, the written world press consumes it, nearly 53 million tons to paper each year including more than 2 million for France^16(*).

Internet is still a new media which sulfur of a weak rate of equipment of microcomputers. What involves that only still a minority of the French population has access to the mother of all networks.

Thus let us make, initially, a first point on the equipment of the households, which will make it possible to make thereafter a comparison with the other media. This will enable us to show itself, in the current state, the place which Internet in the households takes.

^17(*)

2nd sorting 2002

1st sorting 2002

4th sorting 2001

3rd sorting 2001

2nd sorting 2001

A number of hearths equipped microcomputer

8.894.000

that is to say 36,1%
hearths

8.806.000

that is to say 35,7%
hearths

8.685.000

that is to say 35,6%
hearths

8.680.000

that is to say 35,6%
hearths

8.420.000

that is to say 34,5%
hearths

A number of hearths having access to Internet

5.410.000

that is to say 22,0%
hearths

5.384.000

that is to say 21,9%
hearths

5.196.000

that is to say 21,3%
hearths

4.387.000

that is to say 18,0%
hearths

4.445.000

that is to say 18,2%
hearths

36.1% of the hearths are equipped out of microcomputers and 22% have access to Internet.

June 2002

May 2002

April 2002

March 2002

A number of 11 year old individuals and more informant to have connected itself to Internet during the last month, whatever the place of connection

16.528.000

that is to say 32,5%
of the French

16.970.000

that is to say 33,4%
of the French

16.591.000

that is to say 32,6%
of the French

16.472.000

that is to say 32,4%
of the French

There are 32.5% of the population which at least once states to have been connected in the month.

*^19()**	Individual subscriptions (paying or credits at 40 days/particular and professional)	Hours of connections (Commutated Telephone Network)
March 2002	7 725 000 including 734 500 accesses high flow	80.895.000
December 2001	6 986 500 including 601.500 access high flow	73.640.000
Sept. 2001	6.318.000 including 420.000 access high flow	69.072.000
June 2001	6.177.000 including 351.000 access high flow	67.558.000
March 2001	5.968.000	71.393.000
December 2000	5.263.000	54.600.000
September 2000	4.590.000	40.007.000
July 2000	4.281.000	33.786.000
April 2000	4.105.000	34.811.800
January 2000	3.030.000	25.265.000
October 1999	1.925.000	17.025.000
July 1999	1.642.000	14.050.000
April 1999	1.500.000	12.930.000
January 1999	1.280.000	11.200.000
October 1998	960.000	8.000.000
July 1998	802.000	6.140.000
April 1998	697.000	5.200.000
January 1998	540.000	4.000.000
September 1997	400.000	3.000.000
September 1996	150.000	600.000

In these tables one can thus realize that it there A 22 % is 5.410.000 of hearths having access to Internet and that there was an increase of 4% in one year.

In addition one can compare this figure with the rate of equipment of two other media.

Histogram^20(*) Ci below shows us that there is 93% of the hearths which are equipped with a television.

For the press one cannot speak about equipment since everyone is supposed capacity to buy a daily newspaper. Nevertheless, there is according to media pocket, approximately 42% of the French population which read at least a daily newspaper. These figures already reveal an essential point, Internet is a media which, compared with the others, still has a weak rate of penetration in the hearths.

Internet is still a new media but it should be specified that it is in constant evolution, it is enough to see the number of subscribers with the AFA to realize that one passed from 150.000 subscribers in 1996 to 7.725.000 in 2002.

One needed forty year so that the radio reaches an audience of 50 million and close to about fifteen for television, Internet is to 7 million in 5 years.

Not more than the radio and television did not put at the rammer the press and the edition, Internet will not supplant the printed newspapers.

It is on the contrary a means for the newspaper industry to diversify and meet new needs.

In a first point, the editions on line of the newspapers often make it possible to touch readers who do not read the edition paper.

For example, in the case of the daily newspaper the Echoes^21(*), 60%^22(*) of the readers do not read the edition paper. In the same way, nearly two thirds of the subscribers of Wall Street Journal^23(*) interactive are not subscribed with the traditional newspaper.

It should be known that one of the dramas of the newspaper industry is in the little of interest which the younger generations carry to him. The more so as the reading of a daily newspaper concerns a practice which is learned very early in the life, if not it is only acquired very with difficulty. The Net surfers are precisely younger than the traditional reader. It is a new unhoped-for public for the daily newspapers too often reserved for « dad ». The Web must be able to federate these two generations, in their proposer more credible and gravitational information.

It even announces that the young French Net surfers, the 15-34 years, are those which most frequently go in a newspaper kiosk to buy a magazine or a daily newspaper. It is what reveals a made study public end 1999 by bva/diffusion controls^24(*). Surfer on information would incite them finally more, that theirs

elder, to divide into sheets the newspapers before buying them. More half of the Net surfers are subscribed with newspapers whereas the others are only only one third.

Indeed the press on the fabric will allow the newspaper industry to diversify by touching a new public while meeting another need for its usual assistantship.

The press on the fabric will come complémentariser the printed newspaper industry and one can already give certain great advantages which give this new complementarity.

Modernity. The arrival on the fabric of the newspaper industry confers a new image of modernity to him which was the prerogative of television before and, to a lesser extent, of the radio. It becomes possible to associate with the writing, to make it more reactive gravitational, of the sound and the images.

Valorization of the data base. The services in line of many newspapers place at the disposal of the reader part of their files. Research is facilitated by a classification set of themes and the use of search engines. The setting on line also makes it possible to develop the data base of the newspapers by the access to the data bases developed by the services of documented and the journalists.

Depth of information. Thanks to the hyperlinks, information acquires a new dimension, a new depth. One connects the article to complementary documents such as geographical charts, biographical notes, official texts, information of an economic nature, cultural, former articles... The journalist can also place at the disposal of the reader part of his sources, in order to support what it advances. The newspaper industry is freed, in some kinds, of the constraints space time and can hope to increase its credit near the readers. The arrival on the Fabric of the newspaper industry widens the contents of information offered: the Web sites of the newspapers are from now on capable to propose at the same time, like specifies it Domenica Wolton^25(*), of «information event» and «information knowledge». One also finds, on the sites of the newspapers, «information service» and «information leisure», which can sometimes pose a problem of confusion between what concerns the practice of the journalism and that of the trade.

The interactivity between the journalist and his reader was not born with Internet since, since the invention of the transmitter, letters to the Editor and receiver dialog. But Internet gives a new broadth to the interactivity, transforms the relationship between the journalist and his reader. Thanks to the electronic mail, the reader can react on an article, request precise details from his author.

by-there same, the Community function of the newspaper (and fidelity for the publication) are reinforced, as the multiplication testifies some to the forums of discussions on the Web sites of the newspapers. The discussion relates to topics launched by the newspaper or even by the readers. The fact that the reader is increasingly critical, and especially that it lays out from now on means of announcing his reaction, obliges the mediator to seek a greater reliability, to show larger serious.

An example of interactivity on Aftonbladet Online^26(*): Dag Kättsröm, journalist Internet with the Swedish daily newspaper, went to Japan to cover the Olympic Games with Nagano in December 1997. Beyond the images, sound and video, its intervention as a multi-media journalist consisted in reaching daily Internet thanks to its portable computer and animating forums of discussion (cats) by calling on various sporting champions present over there. The Net surfers could directly put questions with the sportsmen.

The almost paradoxical force of the Internet is to address themselves, like any mass media could not do it so far, with the greatest number, but also to be able to hold the attention of public targeted well to offer specific or personalized information to them. The press one line can thus combine maximum audience and microphone-assistantships. Internet marks the advent of « one to one ». This new practice

arrival of direct marketing could make followers in the editors tempted to deliver on line a single edition for each reader, according to his needs.

With the practice personalized of « push », the telenetspectator was born.

Nevertheless, the practice of the push, in particular starting from the mailing lists, can be a restriction on the freedom of the Net surfer to reach the contents of its choice when it is used without its preliminary assent. This warning was formulated by the higher council of audio-visual which considered nevertheless this technique as a progress since it is implemented with the assent of the Net surfer.

For example, the second French economic daily newspaper, the platform27(*), proposes an annual subscription of 185 euros which includes/understands in particular the possibility of building its own newspaper personalized according to its favorite headings, its preferred topics and the required names of the companies. Without forgetting the automatic reception in « push » of its « newsletters » daily and to be able to manage its stock exchange wallet remotely.

The newspapers on line can also find in the realization and the periodic sending of electronic letters a means of alerting, of fidéliser and of informing the Net surfer on the evolutionary contents of their site. Many newspapers on line also propose, in order to facilitate the spot of the Net surfer, to send every morning all or a large part of the edition one line. The Net surfer does not need even more to go on the site to have the daily newspaper.

This second assumption is not checked either ; in the sense that the answer shows that Internet is a new media complementary to the newspaper industry and that it offers new possibilities to that Ci. All the assets previously were seen that offer this new media to the daily newspapers.

For that the newspaper industry should not be confined to reproduce on the Net exactly the printed version. It must turn to a new form to deliver its information.

One thus will turn with this new media to a new form of journalism but the question which comes us is to know if the information transmitted by these journalists on the Web remains as credible as the traditional newspaper industry.

This third assumption emits that the journalistic information transmitted on Internet is less credible than the information transmitted by the traditional newspaper industry.

In the world of the press on line, the journalistic function loses its traditional reference marks. If the majority of the big national dailies launched out on the network, none delivers an identical counterpart of the edition paper. As one saw previously it is preferable for them contrary to offering to the reader differentiated contents, nouveau riche thanks to the resources which the new support offers. Article, the journalist must pass to the multi-media treatment of the subject: linear structure, it passes to the star structure, its style approaches orality, the subjects are given in context and especially, the journalist loses the monopoly which it held on the access to the sources of information and consequently the monopoly of their diffusion.

The journalist loses his privileges. The access as the diffusion of information is democratized and opened to all at lower cost on the network. And that constitutes one of the major challenges for the profession. The demonopolisation information is the direct consequence of the capacity of the World Wide Web. The Fabric indeed gives access to all kinds of data, coming from the origins most various and accessible by one clicks of mouse to everyone. And it is precisely this logic of diffusion of overall information which calls in question certain of the traditional attributes of the journalist. Initially, it loses its monopoly of access to the official sources of information which are the news services. In the second place, the diffusion of information can from now on be done without the driving belt that are the journalists: no matter who has the right to put on line an informative site proclaiming itself, and each actor of the topicality (political, economic, trade-union, cultural...) can diffuse directly and with a great facility information relating to it or related to its sphere of activity.

Internet put an end in a final way with what was often perceived like an unjustified privilege: the monopoly of the journalists on the access to the dispatches of the official news services. Traditionally, in the newspaper industry, the draftings followed hour per hour the important events which proceeded throughout the world thanks to wire of press of the great agencies like AFP^28(*). For a long time, the journalists benefitted from this advantage which enabled them to limit the competition of information within the bodies of press. Thus, the private individuals not having access to these sources of information, only the media, juridically recognized like bodies of press, were entitled and materially able to disseminate information. The mother of all networks calls all that into question by placing at the disposal of the Net surfers the entirety of the information distributed by the news services. Everyone can from now on reach as well as a journalist these essential sources of information.

With this demonopolisation of the access to the sources the demonopolisation of the diffusion of information is added. Insofar as the access to the sources of information is opened to all, it is not materially any more necessary to be juridically recognized as journalist to disseminate information. Which need would there be to enter a profession which lost its privileges? The creation of a webzine is free and not very expensive. Whoever can car proclaim cyber-journalist. Moreover, thanks to the low cost which the creation of a Web site supposes, the majority of the actors of the political, economic, social events... can from now on disseminate and exchange directly their original information without necessarily passing by the driving belt of the press and the subjective filter of the journalists.

Thus, the majority of the administrative institutions obtained a Web site for better answering the questions and requests of the French. In the same way, the political companies or parties have all their site in order to be able to communicate directly with the voter or the consumer. What is also interesting, it is to note that in addition to these sites related to permanent institutions, very many sites are created from day to day, according to the topicality, to react, express opinions or to bring further information on the events. The actors of the topicality find on Internet the advisability of being able to easily express a right of reply to the rumors or opinions revealed on their subject.
Thus, Internet gives access to the world up to now prohibited of the press releases, the dispatches, the legislations, the administrative reports/ratios and makes it possible each one to play journalist. However, the possibility open to all to proclaim journalist raises many difficulties. In addition to being a formidable source of information, the network can also be a dangerous tool of misinformation.

The superabundance and the absence of control of information are likely to make Fabric a kind of Pandora's box. The network conveys, indeed, a very great number of infos or propaganda, rumors of not checked what leads certain observers to think that Internet would be perverse media even dangerous bus demolishes of any control and without unified deontology. One can give for example to mention Drudge Report^29(*) like the prototype of the revealing site of the information based on rumors; this type of address, which multiplied since the business Monica Lewinski, is absolutely condemnable even if it is recognized as a rule of the game that all information is not true (Drudge acknowledges that 20% of its information are false). Indeed, these reporters car-proclaimed offers to the readers a mixture of infos and intox that nothing makes it possible to separate. They thus take the responsability to carry unduly reached to the dignity of people mediatized by sowing the doubt in the spirit of the reader. And this doubt is all the more accentuated because of credibility which Matt Drudge acquired by starting Monicagate.

The Salinger business also constitutes an example of misinformation caused by Internet. Salinger, former Secretary of State of Kennedy, had, on the faith of a document circulating on the network, alleged that the plane of the TWA which had been crushed close to New York in July 1996, had been descended by a missile from the American army.

Another danger lies in the falsification of documents facilitated by the immense technological possibilities which digitalization offers. It becomes easy truly to handle information, to create false events with photographs, films or bands audio with the support. The network can let pass a considerable quantity of matter sectarian, heinous, terrorist receipts, pornographic images, plots, ideas revisionists...

Very easy control out of newspaper industry remains mainly ineffective on the Web.

Lastly, information can sometimes be narrowly mixed with the electronic trade with the risk with a confusion with the kinds. Indeed, the newspapers on line, for the majority available free, seek means of becoming profitable and the practice of the electronic trade commissioned in is one. The newspapers on line can make from the agreements with commercial sites and propose with their readers to become purchasers. The idea which raises difficulty is to propose for example, at the end of a critical article on a book or a disc, to acquire it by simple clicks (and a number of blue chart). The correspondence between the information and the proposal for a purchase, source of income for the newspaper, raises obviously the question of the credibility and the independence of information. One can wonder whether a journalist is not tempted to be obliging, if its intentions are likely to increase the profits of its company, or if the subjects are not likely to be selected according to their capacity to make sell.

Against these various kinds of attack to the credibility of the information disseminated on the network, this last has capacities of resistance. Initially, it allows an instantaneous response any attack based on the misinformation. The false noises can be thwarted by sites being registered into false against a rumor and this all the more easily as they would have to them-even in addition a stronger legitimacy. It is probable that a nonfounded rumor launched by Matt Drudge would be quickly decredibilized if Washington Post^30(*) contradicted it. In addition, the network offers a new capacity to the reader to check all the assertions. One of the guarantees of the veracity of information is in their handing-over in context, by the means of the bonds hypertexts. The articles on line often provide the addresses of their sources and leave to the reader the leisure go up with rough information. Credibility is very often measured with the degree of transparency of the sources of information.

The direct access since the article to the press releases, the dispatches and other documents original can only provide one increased credibility, even compared to the traditional newspapers. The article on line from now on is accompanied by historical files, or a great diversity of texts produced on the subject.

Lastly, Internet makes it possible to mix information resulting from the daily newspapers, the radios, the chains television, the news services and puts thus fine at unicity sources. As for the traditional press, the journalist on line, to be credible must prove reliable. The big national dailies paper which have creates an edition on line offer to the latter all the credibility of their name.

It is logical that the image of credibility reaches on the written support continues on support Internet. The question of the credibility of information basically returns to the social mission of the journalist who consists in weighing, to measure, to interpret the various sources. The abundance of the data available on the Net does nothing but point out the need for the function of mediator of the journalist.

Indeed by this analysis, this assumption tends to be checked even if it were seen that the network offers possibilities of crédibiliser all the same this information.

Indeed the credibility of information is touched by nature of this media. This gigantic data source accessible to everyone, that is there to diffuse or y to take information, involves a fall of the veracity of this information.

This fourth put forth assumption states that the trade of cyber-journalist is a profession with whole share.

I.e. that it is a profession which requires a formation and an experiment to exert it.

It is not enough to be a very good journalist on paper medium for also being a very good journalist on numerical support.

Not only the journalist does not have any right immanent with the monopoly of information, but it should not fear that the public has from now on access to rough sources of information without passing by them. Quite to the contrary, the quasi unlimited number of information available on the Web and the difficulty in evaluating their credibility make more necessary than ever the function of mediator whom the journalist must play. This last must thus bring beneficiation on information available on line. And that does not seem possible that within a precise framework deontologic.

The superabundance of information available thanks to the Web makes crucial the function of journalist. We saw it, the infos on Internet are various qualities. And on a subject which the reader knows little about, it will have the invaluable need for a mediator to ensure the sorting of the data, the validation of the sources, the handing-over in prospect for the events... The journalists must take up the essential duty of critic of the cyberspace so that it is not about an immense hold-all, in which to seek credible information would amount searching for a needle in a haystack.

To distinguish truth from the forgery, to thwart a intox or a misinformation of propaganda are an extremely difficult work and which proves to be of a great utility in a space where control is weak. Internet is a privileged place of the freedom of expression and it is advisable not to confuse the expression of an opinion with rough information. Among the thousand trades of the communication which find a ground favourable with their function on the Web, the journalist must assume the responsibility to keep a critical eye on the unit of their diffusion and must for that process the data with more care and more rigor.

Thus, the added value that the journalist brings to information becomes very invaluable in this new context. The need for an intelligent sorting is done more pressing in this rain of information. Many search engines take up already a duty of sorting based on criteria given by the Net surfer. That makes it possible to be made quickly deliver a great number of documents on a selected subject. However, in good data-processing machine, the search engine is not capable to distinguish truth from the forgery and to make a qualitative selection of the data. It thus falls to the journalist qualitatively to classify information and to present it purified. In this manner, information will be able to have various qualities.

And so today, the weakness of the request, the principle of the exemption from payment of the Net in general prevents the newspapers in line from being paying, it seems that short-term the added value of information becomes expensive. Internet is likely to become a class media. The quality of information will have its price. Those which will be able to pay will have access to sorted information and handing-over in prospect; the others will be delivered to their own understanding in the jungle of common information. Already, of the sites like the platform^31(*), the echoes^32(*) or Wall Street newspaper^33(*) propose information

It is the same with the general topicality with for example the world^34(*) which sells part of its contents.

At all events, the journalist must for the moment to distinguish his information from the freedom of expression of all one each one.

The writing on the Web as the newspaper industry has its own rules which one can already release the relationships with the traditional media.

The Web is close to the newspaper industry from its method of production: put on page, creation and renewal of the one are as many stages as one finds in the newspaper industry. In the same way, with the hypertextuality, one can be satisfied to read the first level of information. As on paper one reads the title, the hat and the first paragraphs.

As regards writing, the style has many common points with the radio. Short sentences, short texts, simple syntaxes seem to be the criteria most adapted to facilitate the reading on the Net, and thus on screen. The text on the Web must be percussion than the text on paper. One would approach rather the standard of approaches, «in short and complete» writing, «a sentence, an idea».

Nevertheless, the great innovation which these media bring to us is the hypertextuality.

Indeed the length of information is defined by the leading team, namely that for example a daily newspaper as South-western^35(*) will prefer to decrease the general topicality in order not to give all the infos that there is in the version paper on the other hand she will give more information on other subjects which will be in the additional headings (See discussion with Frederic Saller with the third part of this memory).

At all events the hypertextuality makes it to the journalists many possible in order to disseminate their information.

Indeed thanks to the multiple bonds hypertexts, the article of a journalist can become to some extent it « capsule » allowing to penetrate in the multi-media galaxy of information. The article is not any more one end in itself. On the Web, it becomes a window which half-opens on the world.

The journalistic techniques induced by Internet allow, for the first time to be able to restore information in its historical, economic or geographical context, thanks to the documentary bonds activated of simple « click ».

The Net surfer thus passes, in a wink, information in a state of knowledge being reported to it.

The text with the screen is different from the text paper initially because it is with the screen: luminosity and flutter cause tiredness and can obstruct the reading.

Moreover, with the screen, there is only one sight partial of the text. No moment it is possible to have an exact physical representation of the totality of the text, or then it should be printed to find it on paper medium.

An effort of memory is sometimes necessary, the return behind is less obvious and less flexible than on the paper medium (it depends completely on the navigation envisaged by the author).

For little which one uses the possibilities of animation, the effects of appearance and disappearance, the multi-media writing is thus much richer than the writing on paper, but more limited also because of the nature and the size even of the screen.

Moreover, according to Jakob Nielsen^36(*), the reading with the screen is 25% slower than the reading on paper. From where need for being more «lenient» with reader Internet and for increasing the concision as well as the highlighting of the texts on line.

There is according to this same study 79% of the users who fly over the texts and 16% which read word for word.

It appears clear that the reading with the screen is less comfortable than a reading on paper especially because of luminosity and of the size of the screen. One has a greater overall picture when it is on paper medium.

It is an important point with the brakes of the development of the numerical press.

The comfort of the reading of a press on paper medium will be replaceable with much difficulty by the electronic medium.

« attack » and it « fall » any more the limits of a text do not constitute what involves that the reading will not necessarily any more be done in a linear way. « framed », « under-papers », and others « angles » of traditional page-setting leave room to bonds hypertexts returning on other levels of information.

The mode of reading thus will be modified and it is to the journalists of the Net to succeed in directing it by the descriptive clear ones and a setting in intuitive line. Page-setting is not any more from now on in only one dimension.

It is necessary that the bonds is clear and logical and that it make it possible to the readers to go towards desired information.

It is not enough to be a pro of data processing to know the behaviors and the practices of a Net surfer. Therefore the journalist of the Web must know the universe of the Web well to guide his readers there in the most intelligent possible way.

Four years ago, according to a study carried out by media source^37(*), the journalist on Internet complained to be only to transform there the version written numerically, but one realizes that maintaining the big national dailies the possibilities of this media included/understood and tend towards new headings which have original contents. The cyber journalist with his new media is thus being born.

Jacob Nielsen explains that like the reader of the newspaper industry, the reader one line generally will start by flying over the page which it rather has in front of him than to read word for word. It is once it located what interested it that it will start to read the text attentively.

Consequently the journalist must, still there, to use texts easy to fly over with the naked eye, thanks to key words used like bonds hypertexts or then coloured, of the explicit subtitles, and an idea by paragraph.

In all the cases, and at all events of the leading policy of the daily newspaper, Internet is a media, which like all the others, request a clean writing and which moreover, by its technicality makes it possible to look further into information.

The journalist of the Net must manage intelligently to exploit the assets which Internet offers to manage to give information which is clear, alive and complete.

It seems that we are still in the premises of this writing but it is smelled already that the profession starts to develop in this direction.

One can realize, from the progressive emergence of the formations which are being born, that cyber-journalism has certainly, need for qualities of the journalist of the traditional media, but that it has also need for other qualities for its new profession.

The major part of the journalists who work on the Web received at the beginning any specific training for this support. They were trained on the job and are distinguished from those of their colleagues who do not use yet tool Internet by a taste often pronounced for microprocessing. The example of the person in charge for the service Web of West France^38(*) is significant: professional experienced and interested by all that touches with microprocessing and information scientific and technical, Bernard Boudic (head of department of general information) turns to the interactive support in 1996.

One can also note academic formations which were set up in order to give a formal training to those which want to be directed towards this new trade.

There is for example school JMK of journalism in Sweden which has since 1996 of a course five months baptized Global Electronic Journalism (GEJ) and dedicated to the formation with journalism on Internet. The principal center of formation JMK is located at the University of Stockholm and form to journalism during three years, with from now on the option to be able to add one six-month period of formation within the GEJ.

This formation with journalism on Internet consists in teaching to page-setting with format HTML from newspapers one line while taking as a starting point the the already existing things on the Web, like with knowing to seek and find information, while sailing on the Web through the search engines.

Even if the deontology compared to these new media is not in the middle of this formation, it will sensitize with the manner of processing the data.

In Spain, the Pamplona university proposes also to a formation of journalism one line.

In France, it should be noted that the Higher School of Journalism of Lille had founded the die «journalism multi-media» which sought to improve the theoretical and technical training of the senior journalists or coldly graduates. This formation was supposed to make it possible to the multi-media journalist to better dialog with the other bodies of operative trade in the services Web of the newspapers: data processing specialists, graphic designers... It was also supposed to learn how to him to adapt its know-how as regards data processing to the supports multimedia. The contents of the formation were complete: history, economy, right, ethics media and the multi-media one; concept of programming data-processing and language HTML and Java script; computer graphics...

One impassioned of data processing and Internet cannot be claimed to be a good journalist on the Web, just like a good journalist of the newspaper industry cannot come to a conclusion to be a good journalist about Internet.

This trade on the matter consists in having a formation or to learn by the experiment as for any other trade.

We have, since the beginning of this part, shown that the press on electronic medium came complémentariser with the press on paper medium, that it made lose credibility with the function of journalist and that it gave place to a new profession. Now, the fifth assumption is to check if by its low diffusion and production cost, the electronic version will become more profitable than that of paper.

The passage to a «means of faster transport», entering directly in the consumer and requiring loads of manufacture, quite less compared with printing works, could only interest the press. Indeed, the costs of the prepress to the impression and the distribution are costs which are heavy on behalf of the newspapers.

Thus, one of the major assets of the cyber press is due to the disappearance of physical manufacture. It is not any more the newspaper which invests in the diffusion, but the purchaser who must be equipped in material with reception (micro-computer, modem, subscription). This being besides a brake for the access to the electronic press.

It is enough to sail on the majority of the daily newspapers on the Net to realize that the majority of these newspapers on line gave up founding a subscription at the entry.

The exemption from payment was essential with Internet because it was the spirit even university and scientific pioneers to freely share between them information on the mother of all networks.

Jean Miot in his report/ratio on « effects of new technologies on the newspaper industry » declares that « the original tare of Internet is the exemption from payment ».

One could almost compare that with the radio which, it either, is not paying to obtain information. The problem it is as one saw at the beginning of the part, a hearth has on average six radio sets without counting the cars almost all equipped with a radio inside.

If the press on line wants to be profitable while remaining free, it will be needed that it primarily draws its resources from publicity and thus to interest the advertisers, it must have a strong audience, which currently, compared to the other media is not the case.

The rate of 10% of the hearths having access to Internet is, according to the institute of study Jupiter Communications^39(*), a minimal threshold from which the persons in charge marketing estimate that it is worth to invest in publicity on Internet.

These 10% were exceeded but the price of the stringcourses remains weak, from the weak audience.

It is already for one of these reasons and as one will see it later, than many daily newspapers chose the mixed version, i.e., to make pay part of their newspaper and to leave another free part.

The paying part will be of course of the information which will have a value added compared to the free part. That can be by better a hierarchisation, be personalized, more relevant, more difficult to find, more complete....

For Philippe Jannet, person in charge for the Web site for « Echoes », the access paying to information on Internet falls under the direction^40(*). «It is logical: one cannot give information. When information is given, it is that there is a problem on the quality even of information. Publicity is not sufficient to finance all that. If one wants to really have products of quality or updated assessments the every day, that is worth money», estimates it. Apart from «information with added value», which is paying, the remainder is free. To know: titles and summaries of all the articles of the Echoes.

Indeed it is thanks to him and to finance its newspaper that the first publicity appeared on its daily newspaper it « press ».

After, with the wire of times, each media which appeared, also made him publicity since the possibility offered by a media is to touch a broad part of the population.

Each media, from its nature, will have its own operation for publicity (radio : spots of 20s, press :advertizing insert...) whereas it is press on Internet.

To start, Internet makes it possible to the advertisers to have access on line to plannings of reservation of the newspaper paper and the Web site, like with the periodic follow-up of the results of their advertizing countryside.

Indeed tools like « dart » of doubleclik and « open AD stream » of real media allow and the editor and the advertiser to know instantaneously the progression of the impact of a campaign in line, even if it means to adjust the message or to change site in the course of road.

The advertisers have from now on the right to require immediate results on their investments Internet, finished the studies post campaigns, place with « rate of click » recorded by the stringcourse and calculated compared to the numbers of visitors.

An advertiser thus will calculate with how much returns to him one clicks and will choose the site or the cost of one clicks is the least expensive.

This process seems to be well for the advertisers which can calculate the impact of these campaigns but certain editors are currently raising a debate against this method.

Their remarks are that this system makes it possible to obtain receipts only when the Net surfers click on the advertizing stringcourse of the advertisers which encumber the sites. Applied on television, this concept would amount paying TF1 only if the televiewers ruaient themselves in the stores of the advertisers right after the diffusion of their spots.

It should be known that the rate of click average on the banners of the sites of newspaper industry is lower A 1%^41(*).

There is on Internet of the stringcourses placed on the site but there also exists of other forms of publicity on the Web.

Another form is what one calls it « pop up », this publicity consists in automatically starting the opening of a Web page which generally takes the place third of the screen.

There are also them « interstitial » which are also pages of pub but which them will open in full screen during a short time before arriving at truths sites required by the Net surfer.

Internet makes it possible to the editors to measure the exact audience their sites with the Net surfer meadows.

It can also analyze the behaviors of readings bonds by bonds and headings by headings.

This possibility can be seen as a temptation to manage information according to the objective of audience to be reached, guard should be taken.

These analyzes also will allow the editor and the advertiser to be able to target and measure with more performance the advertisements.

For example an organization as doubleclick^42(*) will observe the practices of the million Net surfers and will know their characteristics to place the advertizing stringcourses of the advertisers at the strategic place for him.

A reader who goes on the site is likely to leave information on his centers of interests, his needs for information, his leisures, even his standard of living and his socio-professional category.

These data are often collected without its knowledge and will make it possible to better target the advertizing or different impacts.

Indeed, which did not receive in its letter-box what one calls of the mailing ? They are letters personalized with standard words.

Indeed to subscribe with the newspaper or for other reasons, the Net surfer will leave its limps E-mail with the editor who will classify it in a data base.

It is enough for him after, to send an electronic mail, by proposing for example new methods of subscription and to insert a bond there towards an advertiser.

Generally the daily newspaper takes all the same the trouble under the terms of the protection of the private life to give the possibility more of not belonging to the list of this electronic mass mailing.

Indeed in 1999, New York Times used E-mail of its subscribers to send to them an electronic mass mailing with the name of its advertisers.

For the same period Wall Street newspaper^43(*) was used of its 400.000 subscribers to sell his data base with advertisers.

Indeed this data base was interesting since it described to the maximum the characteristics of this public, namely their professions, the size of the company, stock exchange transactions etc....

If a newspaper can send information personalized to its subscribers it is that he knows their centers of interests well.

There is also the phenomenon of « cookies » which being small files sent on the computer of the Net surfer without it realizes some and which make it possible to see its traceability on a Web site.

That makes it possible to create data bases on the behavior of the Net surfers and thus to better target them.

Indeed the press on Internet with the possibility of making partnerships with large tradesmen in order to give information on such or such product and thereafter propose a bond to buy this product .

This new convergence between media and trade, calls at the same time into question the role of the journalist and that of the reader: the first is transformed into salesman, with the risk to lose the objectivity which its work requires, as for the second, it would tend to read his electronic newspaper as a catalog of sale is divided into sheets.

The World^44(*) thus gives the possibility on its site of buying books in partnership with Alapage. It is not all, still in partnership with the FNAC it gives the possibility of buying music, DVD, software, plays, places of spectacles .....

All is thus set up to allow the Net surfer to get information then to consume, of the same gesture, while supporting before all the «purchases of impulse». Of course, the site of press receives a commission on each sale actual with its readers.
Certain groups of press preferred to avoid that and create other sites which are dedicated exclusively to commercial purposes as the South-western group which one will treat a little further.

Great source of income for the printed media, the small advertisements represent between 30 and 50% of the incomes of the newspapers^45(*). However the interactive possibilities return the advertisements on the Fabric much more interesting and effective that in the newspapers.

It is indeed much easier to manage small advertisements on the Fabric than on a printed support, because their renewal and their update can be done almost immediately. Moreover, the references by bonds hypertexts give to the reader the possibility of knowing some more than the first text does not say any: presentation of the company making offers employment, visits in three dimensions of an apartment on sale.

Moreover small advertisements from now on are not limited any more to the only perimeter of diffusion of the printed newspaper.

These advantages did not pass unperceived to the eyes of the editors of press: indeed, to reinforce their offer, six daily newspapers American (Boston Platform, Chicago Platform, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, San Jose Mercury News and Washington Post) opened, in mid-October 1995, a common service on Internet, Career Path, which makes it possible to consult the whole of classified advertisements published by the six titles. In this way, the newspaper industry provides to the advertisers a complete service. The small advertisements published in the written support, can return to a further information on Internet. Here is a means of adapting.

It is as to provide as the commercial advertisers will be directed more and more towards the cyberspace

One can even wonder that if the newspapers are threatened, it is less as regards readers (people will remain attached to the paper impression), that side of the advertisers.

The with dimensions one of France, Western France^46(*) French daily newspaper launched its own sites of advertisements like automobile west France^47(*) or western France real estate^48(*).

Western south did not let pass this opportunity by creating to him also its own sites small advertisements.

After having shown the principal means which Internet offered to be financed, one can give a small current a report on the profitability of the daily newspapers on line in the world on this date.

Indeed as one saw before so that a newspaper makes profitable and makes benefit thanks to publicity, it needs a strong audience what is not yet the case of Internet.

There is one or two years the daily newspapers thought that their sites, thanks to the richness which the multi-media one offers, was going to have a better audience. But the progression is not as strong as it did not think it, which led the daily newspapers to turn to other measurements.

First large measurement is to make pay part of their contents but also to lay off employees whom they had taken in the euphoria of a rise to power of the Internet.

At that time, the audience of the sites did not cease growing, they had the appearances of gooses that lays the golden eggs. So much so that the investors who entered in 2000 the capital of Release^49(*), like the funds of British venture capital, were especially enticed by its electronic publishings.

The end of the year 2001 was terrible. Liberation.fr, created in 1995, lost two thirds of its manpower: there remain 11 paid out of 32. The site of Release collected only 0,5 million advertizing euros of receipts against the 2,3 million envisaged with the budget. Blow it lost 1,5 million euros... A small result which it is necessary to relativize because of edition paper which lost, it, more than 7,6 million.

Elsewhere, it is not better: the site of Parisian^50(*) separated from 10 of its 23 employees. That of the Echoes^51(*), ten on 50. As for the site of the Barber^52(*), decapitated, it preserved only 3 people out of 30.

The other sites resisted a little better, but much of them, including that of the New Observer, re-examined their budgets and their ambitions with the fall. Even the tribune.fr^53(*), which released from (small) the profits for the first time in 2001, tightens the belt while waiting for the recovery. «One was careful. There is a strategic plan and one must return account every month to our shareholder LVMH^54(*)», known as Emmanuel Cacheux, multi-media director of the economic daily newspaper. Thanks to the support of its associate, the group Lagardere, the site of the World, leader of the sector, continues in a good way, with a team of 55 people.

But environment is not any more with serenity. «Two years ago, it was almost a promotion to go to work on the Web, tells a journalist of the interactive World. Today one feels threatened^55(*) ».

It should be specified that the last results published, at the moment of the number of subscriptions, reveals 13.000 subscriptions what is far with the top from the objective envisaged and which makes it possible to consider an improvement of environment.

The problem does not come only from the audience but also in the way very disputed of the sale of advertizing spaces while basing itself at the rate of click on the stringcourses. It is not very carrying.

Thus, in 2000, the Express train carried out 230.000 euros of advertizing receipts on its site against 53 million euros for the version paper.

The problem also is the exemption from payment and it is also on that that the editors are reacting.

«After the slap of 2001, the challenge is to find a model economic. One cannot any more hope to draw 80% from the incomes of publicity»^56(*) explains Benoît Lucciani, general manager of Parisien.com^57(*), which develops sponsoring. With each one its receipt: the Observer^58(*) launched out in the electronic trade with its shop « The object of the month ». The Express train put on the small advertisements. The site of the Platform^59(*) has escaped with stagnation because a third of its annual incomes, which largely exceeded the 5 million francs, comes from the sale from contents to companies, primarily from the banks and insurances.

Already all the sites, or almost, make pay the consultation of their files. A not very gainful employment, even for «the World» which asserts 700 in 1.000 sold articles each day.

It is very dangerous for a daily newspaper to pass from the free whole to the paying whole, it is almost assured collapse.

The World him like other A henceforth part of free information and another part with paying added value. This part is with five euros the month what appears reasonable.

The World has just published its results and it records 13.000 subscriptions. This result is with the top of the discounted objectives.

The echoes propose a paying part and a subscription with 299 euros per annum which includes/understands :

· All the Daily newspaper Echoes on line as of 3 hours of the morning
(Paris time).

While globalisant a little, the International Innovation group Media carried out last March a new survey on behalf of World Association off Newspaper. This world study, carried out starting from the information provided by 429 newspapers, considers the strategy and the viability of developments Internet in the press. A still fragile viability, since only 17 % of the questioned newspapers indicate to approach the year 2002 while having a profitable activity Internet. They were 15 % in 2000. This level of profitability varies according to the geographical establishment : 39 % of the North-American newspapers indicate today to be profitable on the Web. This proportion falls to 7% in Europe and 5 % in South America.

The profitability of activities Internet of the press in 2002 (Innovation source International Media)
	World	Europe	North America
Loss	58 %	71 %	35 %
Balance	25 %	22 %	26 %
Advantageous	17 %	7 %	39

Remain that among the questioned titles, 2002 seem one year hinge since 25 % of the newspapers at the world level intend to reach balance on Internet on the current year. This prospect is supported by the rise in load for the paying services : 46 % of the newspapers admit like «very probable» or «probable» the launching of premiums offers from here 2003. According to the study, the margin of progression on the matter appears high, 84 % of the titles present on the Net drawing their incomes only from publicity.

Types of paying services suggested on Internet sites newspapers (Innovation source International Media, 2002)
.	World	Europe	North America
Subscriptions	20 %	19 %	20 %
Services with the chart	70 %	67 %	75 %
Both	10 %	14 %	5 %

In the field of the activity, 48 % of the questioned newspapers have two sites and more. These levels of audience do not seem affected by the arrival of services premiums : 68 % of the newspapers which launched paying offers noted any erosion of their traffic and 14 % a fall lower than 10 %.

At least in the current state and the close state to come, the electronic version of the daily newspapers seems, for the majority, to have evil not to make a loss and the benefit are done very rare.

The problem comes primarily from a lack of audience and principle of the exemption from payment but one saw that this new media made it possible good to become profitable if the audience had suddenly climbed strongly.

It appears clear that the near future is likely to be difficult for the electronic daily newspapers but in a future a little more remote !!!

This sixth and last assumption state that the statute and the legal rules applicable to the clipboard are similar to those of the press on Internet.

The advent of this press Web is not long in questioning the lawyer. Indeed, this new press which uses a support of diffusion new and complex always easily does not let integrate within the already old framework of the traditional press.

It is appropriate in this respect very briefly recalling, that the French press was very early seen framing by the legislator, even if, in many texts, it is recalled that the press is free in France.

Indeed the press is free in France thanks to the principle of the freedom of expression which was posed by article 11 of the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen of 1789.

It states that « The free communication of the thoughts and the opinions is one of the most invaluable rights of the man, any citizen can thus speak, write, print freely safe to answer of the abuse this freedom in the cases determined by the law ».

Principle stated at the beginning of each law constitutive of the French Right of the communication and especially of the law of July 29 1881 which marks to it true birth of and the sanction freedom of the press of its abuses.

The right of the press will evolve/move at the rate/rhythm of technologies of the communication, and if in 1881, it is question only of newspaper industry, the law was applied during the century with all the new inventions such as photography or the radio.

The appearance of television nevertheless will cause the intervention of the legislator to juridically frame this mode of communication of mass.

The law of 1982 proclaims that « the audio-visual communication is free » and puts an end to the monopoly of the state on television.

Actually, the audio-visual press, while being subject to certain specific legal rules, reiterated on its account the main part of the rules of the newspaper industry and the same applies to the press on Internet.

The company of press definite nor is not governed by a particular statute. No particular obligation is provided as for the legal form that must cover a company publishing a publication of press, whether it is published in form paper or electronic form.

With the particular case of the constitution of a limited liability company, the article L 491 of the code of the companies provides that the limited liability companies publishing a publication within the meaning of the article first of the law of August 1 1986 are authorized to limit their authorized capital to 2000 F. the definition of «mode writes diffusion of the thought placed at the disposal of the public and appearing with regular intervals» is not circumscribed with the only publications published on paper and can extend to the publications published on electronic medium since they meet these characteristics.

The services of information disseminated on Internet constitute services of audio-visual communication within the meaning of the law of September 30, 1986 modified by the law of August 1, 2000, and within those of the services of communication on line. The communication on line is defined as a subset of the audio-visual communication which is characterized by the fact that it is transmitted on individual request.

In order to affirm the principle of freedom prevailing on the Internet, the law of August 1, 2000 carried out the suppression of the declaratory formality for the services of communication on line.

On the other hand, the editor of Internet sites must place at the disposal of the public, his name and his address if it is about an individual, her denomination and its registered office if it is about a legal entity, as well as the name of the director of the publication, or if necessary, that of the person in charge for the drafting within the meaning of article 93-2 of the law of July 29, 1982 on the audio-visual communication. The editor must also indicate the corporate name and the address of the person receiving benefits who is by contract dependant with him for the setting on line of his Web pages. This last case designates in theory the shelterer.
By exception, the persons or entities, publishing on a purely nonprofessional basis, can preserve their anonymity by indicating only the name, the denomination and the address of their shelterer provided this one received beforehand the identification of the person in charge for the edition.

Consequently, the shelterer who would be unable or who would not like to provide the information relating to the editor would be probably regarded as person in charge if the site were legally reprehensible.

Also the mode of declaration envisaged by the law of July 29 1881 is it reserved with the clipboard. It is the same for the formalities of deposits (administrative and legal deposit, registration of copyright near the national Library).

The infringements of press and the particular procedural mode which sticks to it apply whatever the mode of communication used. These various infringements aiming at instituting a balance between the freedom of expression and the protection of the people are likely to be characterized whatever the support and the means of expression (written, word or image on the public highway, presses, television...) since there is publication. It is the same for the penal provisions aiming at the acts of publication and returning to the particular mode of responsibility in the event of infringements for press (publication of messages in pornographic matter or violent one (article 227-24 of the penal code), reached with the intimacy of the private life).

All this finds application in the law of July 29, 1881 but one can henceforth add a rule which poses problem with the arrival of Internet.

Indeed, the most particular rule of the violations of the press laws is, without question, regulation the three months. It is considered that information is prejudicial only during a very short time.

Thus in a lawsuit of press, the magistrates must seek the date of the first act of publication, because the infringements of press are offenses known as instantaneous. It is necessary to know the moment from which the public had access to the litigious document, moment which gives the starting point of the three months regulation.

So for the audio-visual emissions, it is the day of the first diffusion, for monthly magazines and editions of book, the effective day of the provision of the public.

The problem which was posed for the sites of press on Internet is to know if the articles are regarded as continuous publications when they remain available to the public on the site.

Indeed a newspaper is a perishable and furtive matter whereas Internet, of share its design features, leaves the possibility more easily to the Net surfer of reading the article a long time after the first publication.

The violation of the press laws can be regarded as a continuous publication since the author decided to maintain it on his site and that the provision with the public remains continuous. The three months regulation would thus not be applicable to the press on the Net.

It is in any case what declared the decision of the Court of Appeal of Paris of December 15, 1999 in the Costes business which seemed to slice the debate. The Court concludes there that the publication on Internet is a continuous act. Therefore, the term of limitation starts again to run each day.

This measurement is likely to be a danger to the setting in memory of the articles on Internet. Indeed if one regards the articles as continuous publications, a site can constantly be attacked dice the moment that it keeps in files of the articles !!

Nevertheless, in a recent decision (Cass.crim., January 30, 2001, Annie Rousseau C/A. Benssalem), the Supreme court of appeal confirmed the application of the term of limitation three months before the date of the quotation. According to this decision putting an end to the jurisprudential hesitations, the time starts to run at the day of the first act of publication and not of that of knowledge by the civil part of the defamatory remarks.

As, the reasoning of the Supreme court of appeal makes it possible to conclude as the publication on Internet is not a continuous act.

It is necessary all the same to wonder about a possible interpretation, under the terms of which the act of publication would be renewed with each modification or actualization of a site, and would constitute a new starting point of the regulation, the editor choosing to maintain or not contents.

Let us see another point now that the press on line from its new support of diffusion raises. It relates to the assistances with the press given by the state to facilitate the edition.

This help with the edition must make it possible to help the diffusion and to preserve the financial independence of the companies of press. This must help the reader indirectly has to have access to a better diffusion.

Under the assistances to the diffusion appear: preferential postage rates, assistance with the form of the French press abroad, assistance with the bearing.

Under them assistances intended to protect financial independence appear: a reduced rate of VAT of 2,1% on the sales, a special mode of provisions for investments (article 39 (a) of the General Tax Code), the exemption of the professional tax, the funds of direct assistances to the daily newspapers of political and general information, the bottom of modernization of the daily and comparable press.

Majority of the assistances, direct and indirect, which melt the economic mode of the press are not applicable to the multi-media press.

The postal assistances and of imposition must be approved to be applicable by the Joint Committee of the publications and agencies of press answering the criteria of the articles D 18 and following of the code of the stations and telecommunications and 72 and 73 of appendix III with the General Tax Code : to be of general interest as for the diffusion of the thought, to be marked legal, to appear regularly at least once per quarter, to devote less two thirds of their surface to publicity, to be the subject of an effective sale.

In an opinion on 23 June 1959 delivered about a publication of press diffused by way of telefax, the Council of State specified that it was advisable to limit the benefit of the economic mode of the press to the «printed publications, allowing by immediate reading the diffusion of the thought and not requiring a special equipment». This interpretation was confirmed by the high jurisdiction in a stop of 23 November 1987 refusing the extension of the assistance to the telematic press.

Moreover since it does not obey same the particular constraints of manufacture and distribution, the press on line is not likely to be given the same aids as the clipboard. The benefit of the economic mode of the press is justified by the supported material constraints (manufacture, impression and distribution of the specimens paper) not supported by the press on line. The absence of loads related to the production paper (impression, pulling) reduced expenses of realization of the newspaper with approximately 50% of the costs, to limit those only to the only costs of collection and drafting of information.

The VAT with 2.1% is not applicable one any more to the sale of the numerical newspapers as it is it for the sale on paper medium.

The proposals for a tax relief for the newspapers on line or various products multimedia were not retained in the finance law for 2002.

The deputy RPR Patrice Martin-Lalande did not make a success of his blow of inch. He had proposed to reduce the taxation for the press in line with 2.1%.

Definitively adopted by the French National Assembly on December 19, the budget 2002 does not contain this provision.

The reason of this refusal always remains that the electronic press is not subjected to same the expenses as the newspaper industry.

Under them assistances of which can profit the electronic press, must be mentioned the bottom of assistance presses and multi-media.

Several titles also could profit from the bottom of modernization of the press to contribute to projects of diversification and numerical development.

The question of the royalties is not new, insofar as the plundering of works of the spirit did not await Internet to start. However the network is likely to give a worrying broadth to him.

Juridically, the royalty is defined as «the prerogative allotted to the author of a work of the spirit». This prerogative comprises a right pécunier which is the right to benefit from the work, and a moral right which is the royalty of a work literary, artistic, or scientist to reveal it, to fix the conditions of operating of them and to defend the integrity of it. The respect of the moral right gives to the journalist a possibility of control, inalienable on the use which is made of its work. Any use of the latter cannot be made without its prior agreement.

The presence of a work on Internet implies beforehand its digitalization. However, such an act corresponds not only to one reproduction of work, but also to its adaptation, because of transformation of analogical data into binary data. In this respect, the Green Book of the European Commission on the royalties and the close rights (July 1995) establish that the digitalization of a work must fall under the empire from the reproduction right, just as the loading of this one on the main memory of a computer.

The digitalization of a work must thus be authorized beforehand by the holder of the rights.

The question which interests us primarily is to know if a journalist who works for the daily newspaper of a newspaper industry will be able to take advantage of his royalty when the article is transposed on the numerical support.

Indeed, the editors of press pour readily the contents of their traditional publications on the Fabric. But when nobody asks for the agreement of the journalists, lawsuits and negotiations follow one another.

The first lawsuit which was the symbol of the position of French jurisprudence is the lawsuit of the Last News of Alsace^60(*) (DNA).

February 1998, it is a first in the French press: the Court of Bankruptcy of Strasbourg gives reason to the journalists of the Alsatian daily newspaper in the conflict which opposed them to their direction on the remuneration of the articles diffused on Internet^61(*).

The daily newspaper of Strasbourg had then diffused free for two years a Web version of its newspaper paper. For the trade unions which carried the business in front of justice, the question is to know if the journalists have rights on their production. Beside a tiny remuneration, they especially claim to be associated the diffused product. In light: to have a right of glance.

For the direction, the Web constitutes a mode of diffusion and not another publication. The returned ordinance will oblige it to re-examine its copy and to open negotiations. The court judged indeed that it « journalist limits the transfer of his royalty to a first publication, and that the reproduction of the work of a professional journalist in another periodical is subjected to authorization « .

April 9, 1998, the journalists and the direction end up falling from agreement. The journalists will perceive 8% of the receipts generated by the paying products and 10% of the clear margin of the free products with a minimum of 200 F for the permanent ones and 30 F for the freelance journalists.

This solution will be confirmed in one second business implying the trust company of the Barber Magazine.

The editor had carried out the telematic publication of his files and proposed the sending of copies of articles by fax or e-mail... without the agreement of his journalists. In front of the court, defense again tried to make admit that « the telematic edition is only one prolongation of the diffusion of the newspaper «, not requiring a new agreement of the journalists.

But, April 14, 1999, the Court of Bankruptcy of Paris concludes in a general way that any reproduction, « on a new support resulting from recent technology «, namely the Minitel, Internet, and about CD-ROM, requires not only one new remuneration of the journalists but, especially, the assent express train of having the right^62(*).

Teaching already bore its fruits since the direction of the Echoes agreed to negotiate the fate of the articles of its journalists.

The agreement authorizes the free use of the articles for the electronic publishing of the day. On the other hand, the journalists will receive a remuneration for any consultation of the articles fallen into the paying files. A reasonable solution: it does not compromise the setting on line of the traditional press.

The World also made to him from the agreements with its journalists in order to authorize a reproduction of the articles on the numerical one. These agreements seem to show that the journalists are obviously not hostile with the publication of their articles on the network but refuse to be completely put has the variation.

The chart is delivered by the Commission of the indentity card of the professional journalists (CCIJP)^63(*).

This commission is made up with parity of representatives of the editors of newspapers and trade unionists elected by the journalists, this commission is charged by the law with delivering a professional chart with the journalists who can claim there. Because this law, adopted without debate unanimously of the Parliament in March 1935, gives for the first time a professional statute to the journalists who were deprived by it.

To deliver the chart, the commission will analyze each file of the whole of the requests to decide to allot or not the statute of journalist.

It will be based on a definition which characterizes the function of journalist.

«The professional journalist is that which has as a principal, regular and remunerated occupation, the exercise of its profession in a daily or periodic publication published in France or in a French agency of information and which draws the main thing from it from the resources necessary to its existence».

It should be known that one can to have an activity of journalist without having the chart but the national collective agreement of prohibited work of the journalists to employ during more than three months of the professional and comparable journalists who would not be titular or for which this chart would not have been required.

Since May 22, 1936, date on which joined together the commission on the first time, the journalists of the newspaper industry can have by this chart a statute of journalist.

Later, the appearance of the journalists on radio or television did not prevent the commission from delivering charts to them but what for the journalists of the multi-media one happenhappens ?

Vis-a-vis the trade and technological developments, the higher commission of the professional indentity card of the journalists does not exclude the recognition from an activity of journalist within a multi-media company of information, although it is not a framework of activity expressly recognized by the fair labor standards act.

Consequently, the journalists carrying on their activity within such a company can present a request for delivery of professional chart attached to the commission. They must then be able to bring the proof of the principal and regular character of their activity of data processing.
Indeed, the commission carries out a strict examination of the journalistic character of the activity of the applicant within sight of a precise description of the tasks, a list of the covered subjects and services on which they are offered to the public. It requires moreover that the applicant be attached to the national collective agreement of work of the journalists and to the one of his qualifications.

The social status afférant with the quality of journalist (the allowance for expenses of employment of the journalists and reduced rates of contributions of social security which had by the companies of press for employment) finds application.

In short a journalist on Internet can have the chart of press if it answers has three principal criteria :

1. To work as journalist in an independent structure.
2. To have for principal mission, that to inform the public.
3. To raise of the collective agreement of the journalists and to be remunerated like tel.

This assumption was not really checked owing to the fact that the press on Internet was seen granted some specific legal rules to its statute.

The rules, which direct the press on Internet, in general will find application in the old law of the press of 1881 but it also will have its own rules which come from its new design features.

It will not have, for example, of preliminary declaration to make as it will not have either access to assistances which are planned for the newspaper industry and which will not apply to the electronic press.

It remains it should be noted that there is no fundamental change between the rules which apply to the newspaper industry and the rules which apply to Internet.

The theoretical checking of these assumptions showed us in a first point that the electronic version of the daily newspapers was going to come complémentariser the version paper.

Like made the radio and television, Internet is new media which go complémentariser with the others.

The theoretical checking of these assumptions also proposed this activity as being a new profession with new professionals and a particular statute.

With regard to his state in the economic market, one feels although the electronic press suffers from a lack of audience.

Internet is a media still little used compared to the others and when it is used is not primarily to go on the sites of press.

The profitability of this electronic press does not cause in general at present profit.

There is indeed the report/ratio of a maintenance carried out near Mr Frederic Saler, journalist multi-media with the electronic daily newspaper Sudouest.com. ^64(*)

With also carried out an investigation near the population of the South Basin with a sample of 150 people.

The first was to present the Western Southern group and its Sudouest.com. daily newspaper.

In the second place, this research will analyze the behavior and the attitudes of the population of the South Basin to reach their regional information.

Lastly, they aim to support our theoretical research in order to check our assumptions.

Western south was created on August 29, 1944 per Jacques Lemoine.

That thus made more than one half century that it is with the service of regional information.

Western south became a powerful group accepting responsibility for several editions and several media.

More closely let us see certain figures which shows us the range of this daily newspaper :

second daily newspaper regional (paid diffusion 2000)65(*)

West France	767 469
Western south	336 771
The Voice of North	321 317
Nice Morning	281 284
Progress	267 932
The Dauphine one Released	256 376
NRCO	247 791
Is Republican	210 230
The Mountain	208 170
The Dispatch of the South	206 143
DNA	202 030
Provence	167 689
The Lorraine Republican	167 383
Free midday	160 168

This are the figures of the year 2000 but into 2002^67(*) the figures did not change much since the diffusion is with 336.602 specimens and there are 1.031.800 regular readers.

It there A 22 editions out of 8 departments and 3 areas, there are also 31 agencies and offices (including one with bets).

Indeed, he is a also editor of books with more than 350 works published in ten years by the Western Southern editions.

He is also in the middle of the regional advertizing market, by ensuring the advertizing control of the five daily newspapers of the group, for sales turnovers of 459.5 MF in 2000.

He is an actor in the audio-visual and electronic media with radio operator Atlantel which ensures unhooking buildings of Europe 2 out of eleven cities.

Atlantel image ensures to him the regional correspondences of TF1 and LCI without forgetting that Southern West has 49% of the shares of TV7 Bordeaux.

Finally and what interests us at most, Atlantel Multimédia develops and lodges on the Web of the products of editions (information, services, small advertisements, urban guides) and of the solutions of electronic trade

Indeed the site sudouest.com^68(*) is, as for him, to some extent independent, although it belongs to the same group.

Let us see the sites that the Western Southern group created on the Net by having all various objectives.

The Group can be based on an advertizing control dedicated to Internet (GSO Web Governed).

Apart from the sites of local information, the other sites have a vocation which is more at commercial purpose.

An important site is the creation of the site viapolis.com in response to a competition on the local information which was set up on Internet, them « cityguides ».

The stake, this time, they are information services, the data bases, the classified advertisements, in short, one of principal goodwill of the PQR (regional daily press).

« This know-how, other operators can control them « , notices Denis Ruellan, director of the department information communication with the IUT of Lannion and lecturer at the university Rennes 1.

Indeed he says^69(*) « It is not difficult to recover the schedules and the programs of cinema, it is domain public. Any operator who creates a cityguide will find this information by a collecting system or a partnership with the advertisers of the corner. »

Young companies quickly included/understood it and it is like that that Web city was created in 1998 by a twenty year old Lyonese, Alexandre Dreyfus and who extended his network on several cities of which obviously Bordeaux.

The PQR reacted thus and launched it also of the cityguides. It is initially West-France^70(*) which set up at the end of 1999 maville.com^71(*) with the principal towns of its zone of influence.

It is then the Telegram of Brest^72(*) which joins the Lorraine republican^73(*) to create vivalaville.com. ^74(*)

Thus Southern west as created its cityguide to him as it named viapolis.com. ^75(*)

In all the cases, these sites have a vocation more commercial than the sites of information such as Sudouest.com the purpose of which is truly to prolong the daily newspaper on paper medium.

For better including/understanding how Sudouest.com functions, was carried out a maintenance deprived with Frederic Saler, multi-media journalist full-time with Sudouest.com.

there are Hubert Barat, journalist, and person in charge for the electronic publishings of the Western Southern Group.

There are me, Frederic Saler, journalist in TDCI with SudOuest.com and There are also two other freelance journalists. »

« From 5h30, all information of the daily newspaper of the newspaper industry is put has our provision.

It remains us of 5h30 with 9h00 to put them under the format of the newspaper on Internet. It is also in our duty to bring up to date the headings which are not present on

What arrives you it if information such as the brutal death of Alain Juppe occurs ? It is possible to rock it of continuation on the site ?

« Without going until there, it is possible at the time of a sudden news to immediately found it on the site and therefore somebody remains all the day in order to follow the news of AFP. »

« On the topicality, there is less of information on the electronic version than on the version paper but one finds other information on the electronic version thanks to the headings which are designed exclusively to diversify information.

The objective of the drafting of Western South is of complémentariser the written support.

One should not in general find on Internet more details on the articles which are on paper but one must find there a summary and the possibility of processing other data which are not quoted on the version paper.

It is not necessary that the numerical version encroaches on the version paper. »

The electronic version is not likely T it not in the future to compete with the version paper ?

« Not, because the will of the drafting is well to implement a complementarity of the two supports.

Moreover the assistantship is sometimes different and it is thought that there are people, who lived on Bordeaux and who moved, which comes on our site, because it is easier access for them.

Is what you know the number of visits that there is on your site and the difference with that of the paper medium ?

« Yes, there are 100.000 visitors per month and one can say that the most attended hours are between 9 and 10h00 Monday at Friday. The number of readers for the newspaper industry is marked on the site and accounts for 1.031.800 000. »

« Yes. There is a lump sum as well as a percentage on the sales of the files but I must say that the sale of these files is not very lucrative because of a very weak rate of sale. »

« I am not well-informed very, but in any case it is sure that this site is not made to earn money but primarily to spend about it the least possible.

It is used as product of call and of complementarisation to the version paper and is not for the moment in a policy of money profit. »

He comes out from it from this maintenance an adequacy with the theory evoked previously to check our assumptions.

It is clear that the numerical version of Western South seems to come complémentariser the version paper.

The fact also, to have with its responsibility of create new information which is not in the version paper, also makes him a multi-media journalist with clean creations. On the other hand the aspect of the classification of the data of the printed newspaper of the day seems to occupy an important place.

When with profitability, one feels well that the audience is not yet enough high to speak about large benefit but South-western rather tends towards a philosophy to lose some the least possible.

The group preferred miser on other sites, which are more with commercial vocation and to preserve Sudouest.com in order to represent the image of the daily newspaper.

In spite of the other sites, the Multimédia part does not seem to be very carrying.

It is already enough to see it by graphics Ci below of the proportion of the sales turnover even if it is in 2000 and that the multi-media one evolves/moves quickly. ^76(*)

The multi-media category does not include/understand only Southern Ouest.com but also the whole of the sites of the Western Southern group.

The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the behaviors and the attitudes of the population of the South Basin to go to seek their regional information.

The questions treat primarily Internet and newspaper industry like media of regional information.

The purpose of it is also to sit or contradict the theories which one saw before while transposing it of the state of the general press to a practical analysis of the regional press.

These people were questioned in a random way in three communes to know Gujan-Mestras, Tests it of Buch and Arcachon.

After having designed the questionnaire, I made a test near ten employees of the town hall of Arcachon without their asking me even the questions.

Indeed, the press on Internet is not very known and people seemed not really not to include/understand the put questions and not to answer objectively.

This questionnaire was thereafter this slightly modified test but especially the decision to manage this questionnaire in direct relation seemed to me obligatory.

By managing this questionnaire by direct relation, it was possible to return it more clearly when it was felt that the interlocutor butted.

It was managed in a completely random way with share makes it take care not not to too much question people living of other areas.

Indeed according to official figures' presented at the beginning of this memory which shows us a weak rate of access to Internet, one sees in these results that 60.6% of the questioned people state by an unspecified means to have access to Internet.

It is true that this figure shows only the possibility of access and not the practice of Internet.

To have access to these media included not inevitably regular practice of that Ci.

Moreover, the possibility of accesses does not include that it is in the residence as shows it the answers of the following question.

The residence is the first place which makes it possible to have access to Internet but one can note all the same that the place of work is answered has 30.67%.

When with the answer « others » which is quoted all the same to 7%, it is observed that a certain number of people have the possibility of going to knowledge to them to connect itself if need be.

31.3% of the population observed declares that Internet is a tool for them to reach regional Information.

That is equivalent saying that approximately half of the people who have access to Internet is used for about it to have regional information.

There is also the other half for which it is not an access to regional information.

Reasons	Nb.cit.	Fréq.
Internet is useful only for research personnel or work.	12	27.5%
State not to be to interest has to seek information regional	10	25%
State to rather find it by other media.	6	15%
State not of it to think when it is connected.	5	12.5%
State not to have time	2	5%
Declare that Internet is not easy access	2	5%
Total obs.	40

The reason first, quoted by the population which declares that Internet is not an access to regional information, comes from a use for personal or professional research.

In the second place they state not to be interested by the search for this information.

There are also those, which say to pass by other media to have this information, and others which say not to think of going to seek it when they are connected.

One does not feel in these observations that it is a technical problem which slows down them but quite simply a will not to want to go to seek it.

Let us see now by which sites those pass which declare that Internet gives access to them regional information.

In this concept of « others » comprised primarily the information provided by the gates of the suppliers of access, such as wanadoo, which is used as regional information provider.

Indeed a Net surfer with the possibility of having this information on his page of starting of Internet thus it will have more easily access.

Thereafter with 11.33%, the site more declared is that of a regional daily newspaper of the traditional newspaper industry.

It strongly dissociates daily newspaper only designed for the Net or of the cityguides.

Let us change a little direction to make a comparison of the various media which offer regional information.

There are thus here 69,33% of the population observed, which did not answer has this question owing to the fact that they do not use Internet to have access to regional information.

Then, 15,33% on the 30.67% remainders declare that television is their favorite media to reach regional information.

There is not that 0.67% are only one person who declares that Internet is its favorite media to have access to regional information.

This reinforces although the newspaper industry still has beautiful days in front of it.

7. Which are the advantages for you which offers the regional daily press on Internet?

The advantage which was quoted the most seems to be the possibility of sailing between several sites of information.

The second advantage is to have more information, this advantage is more or less dependant with the first and shows by these observations that the wealth of information on Internet is a considerable asset with the eyes of the population.

This disadvantage is likely in the future to grow blurred, thanks to the high flow which is settling more and more in all our cities.

The second disadvantage is that Internet would not be comfortable, it is true that the reading with the screen is more tiring than that of a newspaper.

9. Summers you subscribed (E) or would be you suitable for subscribe you with a regional daily press on Internet?

On 31.3% of the population observed which answered has this question, there are 24.6% of them which states not to be suitable for subscribe.

We thus have just observed the part of the population which has access to Internet and which reaches by this media regional Information.

10. Do you have for project to equip you in order to have access to Internet?

Quantify striking, there is 18% out of 39.33% of the population observed, not having access to Internet, which does not have at all a project in the future to reach it.

This figure comes on the one hand from those which are against this tool but also of a large part of the old population which feels exceeded by this tool.

Reasons	Nb.cit.	Freq.
To seek information when the need arises.	12	35.2%
To communicate by the instantaneous transport and limp them E-mail.	8	23.5%
Others.	6	17.6%
To find topicality on the sites of press.	4	11.76%
To download files, vidéos, musics.	2	5.88%
For electronic trade.	2	5.88%
Total obs.	34

It is a percentage which is not negligible and which is placed at the top of that of the electronic trade.

Now let us see the behavior of the population vis-a-vis the traditional regional newspaper industry.

One could almost say that a third of the population reads the every day a daily newspaper, another third 2 to 4 times per week and the last third does not read a daily newspaper at all.

On the other hand, 24.6% do not find it complete and it is thus this part of the population which can be potentially reader of press on Internet.

In a first place, they question the reasons of the population which does not read a written daily newspaper and the reasons of those which think that it is not complete.

Let us see initially the reasons of those which do not read the daily newspapers.

Reasons	Nb.cit.	Freq.
State not to be interested.	20	30.3%
Preference for television.	18	27.2%
Not time.	11	16.6%
Another press.	7	10.6%
The price is too expensive.	6	9.09%
Preference for the radio.	3	4.5%
Preference for Internet.	1	1.5%
Total obs.	66

Reason first D `nona reading of the regional newspaper industry comes according to declarations' from a lack from interest for that Ci.

In second position the possibility appears of finding this information by the media of television.

One can note that television is a media which is quoted to 27.2%, the radio with 4.5% whereas Internet is not quoted that at 1.5% is a person.

Now let us see the reasons which declare that the regional press is not complete.

Reasons	Obs.cit.	Freq.
Not exhaustive	19	52.7%
Not objective	12	33.3%
New formula of South-west not clear	3	8.3%
Too much fixed	1	2.7%
Not clearly	1	2.7%
Total obs.	36

This can be an advantage in favor of the press on Internet in order to complémentariser as one saw before.

It should be also noted that 33.3% of the population which declares that the regional press is not complete think that the newspapers are not objective.

The continuation of the results on questions 15,16,17,18,19 are analyzed in appendix^79(*) because they are used primarily as data to find correlations between the answers.

One thus now will try to analyze the correlations of the answers thanks to the system of the cross sorting.

First of all, we will try to analyze if this investigation reinforces the theory which the media of Internet are primarily used by a rather young population.

Between 10 and 25 years, there are 15 people out of 16 who have access to Internet.

Between 26 and 35 years, there are 38 people out of 55 who have access to Internet.

In these age brackets, one observes that there are more people who have access to Internet compared to those which do not have access there.

Afterwards in sections 36-45 and 46-60, one observes that there are as many people who have access there than people who do not have access there.

On the other hand in the section 61 et+, one observes that there are only 6 people out of 17 who have access to Internet.

The more the age increases and the less it with the possibility of access to Internet.

After having compared the age compared to the access, we will compare the socio-professional category with the possibility of access.

There is no difference in proportion of access to Internet between the category « employee » and that of « tally ».

Indeed there are 46 employees out of 73 who have access to Internet either 63% and 19 frameworks out of 31 or 61%.

On the other hand the category which is outstanding is that of the students to knowing that there is in this population observed 11 students out of 11 is 100% which have access to Internet.

We now will try to see whether there is a bond between the people, who think that information is not complete on the written regional daily press, and those, whom have access to regional information on Internet

One can thus observe that there are 9 people who declare that information on the press is not complete and who have access to regional information by Internet.

In lower part there are 11 people who declare that information is not complete and who do not have access to regional information on Internet.

One cannot, according to this analysis, statement which the people, who find the regional press incomplete, have tendency to go to seek it on Internet.

Another correlation possible to analyze. The purpose of it is to analyze the age according to the people who go on the sites of a daily newspaper of the traditional newspaper industry.

One can thus realize in this analysis that category 26-35 years has much more tendency that the other categories of age to going on the sites of a regional daily newspaper of the traditional newspaper industry.

There are indeed 11 people out of 17 who go on a site of regional press which has between 26 and 35 years.

That confirms well that the assistantship is younger on Internet than for the traditional newspaper industry.

Like it was known as before in this memory, the purpose of this investigation is to give an outline of the behaviors and attitudes of a population to reach its regional information.

Nevertheless, the purpose of it was also to look at if this investigation practices were in adequacy with our theoretical research to check these assumptions.

- With regard to the assumption where it was seen that the press on Internet was complementary to that on paper medium and noncompeting :

It was seen by certain figures, at the beginning of memory, that the population had a weak rate of access to Internet.

By this investigation, it was analyzed, with surprise, that there was all the same approximately 60% of the population observed which said to have access to Internet.

It is necessary all the same to relativize by the fact that to have access does not include a regular practice.

It is also necessary to learn has to relativize the results of an investigation which can have a probability of error on the representativeness.

It was also seen in our theoretical part that the press on Internet had the possibility of complémentariser information on paper medium while bringing other elements there on Internet.

A first point which shows that 19 people out of 98 readers of regional press written think that this information is not exhaustive what can be in favor with this possible complementarity.

A second point which shows that the population observed thinking that information on the written daily newspapers is not complete (by including all the reasons) does not tend to have more access to regional information on Internet.

In this theory was explained, thereafter, which the press on Internet could touch an assistantship younger than it cannot by the paper medium.

One saw in this investigation that a strong majority of the people which looked at sites of regional press was indeed in a young section.

- With regard to the assumption or profitability seemed difficult for the press on Internet :

The study shows us that 17 questioned people out of 150 pass by a site of press on Internet to go to seek regional information.

It is a honourable figure but which remains an audience weak and thus not easily carrying profitability.

In the same order, there is only one person who states Internet like the ideal media to reach regional information.

It is shown in the theoretical part that the press on Internet tends to go towards contents which will be of with dimensions free and from another with dimensions paying.

Our investigation shows us that 37 people out of 47 are not suitable for subscribe with a regional press.

It is thus not a total refusal but the figures are strongly in favor for nonthe payment on Internet of the press.

It is shown indeed that information on Internet dimensioned which goes the décrédibiliser and others which will enable him to make it credible.

The investigation puts just ahead which the stake is serious because there are 33.3% of the population declaring that the press is not complete which thinks that it is owing to the fact that it is not objective.

The fact that the investigation shows us that meadows of 23% of the population observed find that one of the assets of the regional press on Internet is to be able to sail between several sites of information tends towards a new writing or the organization of the bonds must clear and be well ordered.

There is a point important to underline in this investigation, that it is on the level of the administration of this investigation or these results, one feels well that a majority of the population observed did not really integrate Internet in its process of information retrieval and in these regular activities.

Internet is not yet really integrated in our company in spite of the social pressure which surrounds it.

This point is to be put in parallel with the theoretical results of our assumption on Internet and its possible revolution.

These studies practice primarily well represented the theoretical research carried out in the two preceding parts.

They showed well by the discussion with Frederic Saler, the concept of complementarity of the electronic press.

This maintenance as made it possible to see as Sudouest.com does not escape the lack from profitability of the press on Internet.

The investigation achieved the role to give us an outline of the behaviors and attitudes of the population of the South Basin and one withdraws some that the press on Internet is the media less used to go to seek this information.

It also by the analysis of the behaviors of a population, succeeded in on certain points illustrating theoretical research carried out beforehand.

At all events and from the propaganda and the social pressure which turn around this tool, one can affirm that its use will progress in the next years.

There are also new techniques which are gradually setting up itself and which is likely to facilitate and to return more functional Internet.

One saw in our investigation that the slowness of the opening of the Web pages is a major disadvantage quoted by the population observed.

It is well also smelled that the newspapers do not place too much of video in their topicality since the time of remote loading of a video is a brake with that Ci.

Currently a new technique is set up which will decrease considerably the slowness of opening of the Web pages.

This technique is called « high flow » which is carried out that is to say by a system « of ADSL » is by a cabled network.

This technology installation in the large cities and certain average cities will multiply by ten the speed of Internet.

It is a system which can help to develop Internet and to make more pleasant navigation on the Net.

From this fact, it will help the electronic press indirectly, by partly removing the disadvantage of the slowness of the opening of the Web pages.

It was also seen that the reading with the screen of computer did not seem very comfortable and slower.

It was also question in this memory of a weak rate of equipment out of computer in the hearths compared with the equipment of the television sets.

It would seem that a new technique is setting up itself and who would give access Internet from his television set.

The user would be provided with an infra-red keyboard and could from his television set reach the mother of all networks.

One does not know too where is the evolution of this technique, that not made a few years that one speaks about it, but nothing is marketed for the moment, there is thus a problem whose reason is unknown.

Nevertheless, if this product had suddenly developed, one could wonder about the impact which it would have in the use of Internet by the population.

There would not need more a computer to connect itself and the population is already equipped to approximately 90% with television sets.

Comfort will certainly not be that of a printed newspaper but the population is already accustomed to frequently looking at this screen.

This tool assimilated with the high flow can enable us to wonder about the future.

Another point, one saw in our theory and in the investigation which the media of Internet touched a rather young population and which more the age increased and more the use decreased.

The old people often smell themselves forsaken by this tool, they say being too old for that and which they will not be able to include/understand the use even if they tested.

They put only the with dimensions one and say that it is a tool for the young people.

How much little children left to seek the information for which need had their large parents who are victims of the i-electronism.

In all the cases, a good part of our new generation learns, it, to use Internet. Thus although it ages, it is possible, knowing to make use of it, that it perdure this use.

To with dimensions rising generation will follow and learn. One could then be in a population where the technophobie old people would have decreased considerably.

This point can be an asset for the number of users of Internet and the electronic press.

There is also a completely different point which would be interesting to treat concerning the characteristics of the press on Internet.

Internet is a media which makes it possible to give information to a world scale gold , one realizes that each country has its own rules concerning the freedom of the press.

The press on Internet is likely to make pass from information which would be prohibited to be revealed in certain countries.

If French gives information in a site conceived in France on the intrigues of the American government.

Which law will apply ? This is that of France on the freedom of the press ? or that of the United States, which seems a little more to censure ?

Internet is for that a formidable asset of freedom of expression which can traverse the world and deviate certain laws of the information of each country.

That can also be a danger if there is an abuse this capacity of expression which characterizes the mother of all networks.

Internet offers, indeed from its characteristics and its assets, of the considerable means to the press to diversify.

Only, that does not do all and presses it on Internet currently suffers from a considerable problem of audience which harms its profitability and thus indirectly its development.

If the audience and the interest of the population had suddenly developed then one would attend a beautiful complementarity between the two supports.

Currently the other media such as the radio, television and the newspaper industry are very well inserted in the population to give journalistic topicality. In spite of the richness which Internet offers, it remains, all the same, a new media with a weak use.

the slowness of the opening of the Web pages, the tiring reading has the screen, the difficulties of access to Internet are considerable obstacles in spite of the assets and the principle of exemption from payment of this new media.

It is difficult to envisage the evolution which Internet in the future will have. It is not known too much if it will evolve/move more and more quickly or then to have a constant evolution.

In all the cases, the richness of this media and the propaganda which follows it, will still involve an evolution and once the access will be increasingly available and that the systems of high flows will be common, then the interest of the population goes can be in majority to turn to this new media without of course erasing the others.

The day when it will be the case, it appears probable that electronic journalistic information with strong added value will not be available any more free.

From this point of view, the press on Internet will have truly the means of developing and then it will become a further information even richer for our population.

- Breton Philippe ; « The worship of the Internet », Editions the discovery ; 2000.

- Domenica Wolton ; « Internet and afterwards ? » ; Flammarion editions ; 2001.

- « Local newspaper and data-processing networks » ; Denis Ruellan and Daniel Thierry ; 1998

- Bruno Risgallah ; « The legal statute of the press on Internet » ; D.E.S.S. Author's copyright and artistic right of communication to the University Bordeaux 4.

- Charles Laubier ; « The press online in Europe » ; 1999 ; www.scd.univ-tours.fr/epress/sommaire.html.

- Laurent Geslin and Olivier Tillered ; « The local press on Internet » ; IUT of journalism ; 2000 ; http://mapage.noos.fr/lgeslin/pqr/pg/index.htm

- Stephan Arteta ; « Foul weather for the press on line » ; New observer ; 2002 ; http://www.nouvelobs.com/articles/p1946/a11757.html.

- « Key figures and topicality media » ; Newspaper of the Net ; 2002 ; http://www.journaldunet.com

- « Cybermetry » ; key figures of Internet by Mediametrie ; http://www.mediametrie.com

- « Key figures of Internet » ; nielsen-netratings ; www.nielsen-netratings.com

- « Key figures of the media » ; Media pocket ; 2001-2002 ; http://www.media-poche.com/home.htm

- « Kiosk of press on line » ; Proxiland ; 2002 ; http://www.proxiland.com/France/Media/presse/presse.asp.

- « Keys of the room, not « Net » the press ? » ; Charles de Laubier ; 2002 ; http://www.tocsin.net/dossier/3_local/index.htm.

- « Group South-western » ; Multi-media Atlantel ; http://www.gso.enfrance.com/page1.html

- « Clipboard, press on line: which statute? » ; Text prepared at the time of the 22nd summer school of the Communication ; August 2001 ; http://www.ddm.gouv.fr/presse_ecrite/dossiers_thematiques/pressecrlign.html.

- « Suppression of the declaration preliminary of the Web sites to the public prosecutor » ; Legalnet ; http://www.legalis.net/legalnet/.

- Master Thibault Verbiest ; « the electronic press : which legal framework ? » ; www.juriscom.net

- Marc Laimé ; « Newspapers vis-a-vis the competition of Internet » ; The diplomatic world ; 1999 ; www.monde-diplomatique.fr.

- Francoise Quaire ; « The electronic press with the daily newspaper » ; 2000 ; www.adbs.fr.

- John Kohut ; « Technology and freedoms » ; Mail of UNESCO ; 2000 ; www. unesco.org.fr.

- « Journalism and Internet : daily newspapers with the challenge of journalism on line » ; Research tasks of the Institute of political studies of Paris ; 1999 ; www. multimania.com/elisecolette/accueil.htm.

- Pascal Fort ; « Which deontology for information on line? » ; 2001 ; http://www.minirezo.net/article506.html.

- Pascal Fort ; « Journalism on line with the risk of the money » ; 2000 ; http://www.minirezo.net/article193.html.

- A. Agostini ; « Journalism with the challenge of Internet » ; The diplomatic World ; 1997 ; http://www.mondediplomatique.fr/1997/10/AGOSTINI/9299.html.

- « Journalism and the press per hour of Internet » ; Jlist (various studies on journalism on Internet) ; http://www.jliste.net/.

- « The charter of electronic publishings « ; Release ; http://www.liberation.fr/licence/charte.html.

- « Affaire Lang counters Voltaire », extracted the report/ratio of the public prosecutor of Paris on January 15, 2001 ; www.reseauvoltaire.net/actu/proces/appel-procureur.htm.

- Lionel Thoumyre ; « Legal tribulations of the press on Internet » ; Juriscom.net ; 2000 ; http://www.juriscom.net/int/dpt/dpt21.htm.

- « Schedule business DNA » ; Juriscom.net ; 1998 ; http://www.juriscom.net/txt/jurisfr/da/tgistrasbourg19980204.htm.

- « Judgment of the company Barber » ; juriscom.net ; 1999 ; http://www.juriscom.net/txt/jurisfr/da/tgiparis19990414.htm.

- «Law n°86-1067 of September 30, 1986 on the law relating to the freedom of communication » ; légifrance ; http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/PCEAJ.htm.

- « Conditions of attributions of the chart of journalist by the Commission of the indentity card of the professional journalists »; www.ccijp.org

* ¹¹ This report/ratio is composed of five different documents, of which that written by Ducan Campbell, the Scottish journalist who revealed the existence of the system Echelon dice 1998.

* ¹⁵ http://www.benchmark.fr; Expertise Internet with the service of the companies

* ¹⁶ Charles de Laubier ; « The press on Internet » ; ED. What I know ?; 2000 ; Pages 6

* ¹⁸Association of the Suppliers of Access to Services on line and the Internet

* ²² Charles de Laubier ; « The press on Internet » ; ED. What I know ?; 2000 ; Pages 14

* ²⁶This exenple is quoted in the work of Charles de Laubier ; The press one line in Europe ; http://www.scd.univ-tours.fr/Epress/sommaire.html; Chapter 3

* ³⁶ Author of « Désigning Web usability : The practice off simplicity » ; New riders publishing ; 1999; One can see his site with www.useit.com

* ⁴⁰ Charles de Laubier ; The press one line in Europe ; http://www.scd.univ-tours.fr/Epress/sommaire.html; Chapter 9

* ⁴¹ Charles de Laubier ; « The press on Internet » ; ED. What I know ?; 2000 ; Pages 92

* ⁴⁵ Charles de Laubier ; « The press on Internet » ; ED. What I know ?; 2000 ; Pages 96

* ⁵⁴ speeches quoted by stephane Arteta ; « Foul weather for the press on line » ; New observer ; 2002 ; http://www.nouvelobs.com/articles/p1946/a11757.html.

* ⁶¹ « Schedule business DNA » ; Juriscom.net ; 1998 ; http://www.juriscom.net/txt/jurisfr/da/tgistrasbourg19980204.htm

* 1⁶² « Judgment of the company Barber » ; juriscom.net ; 1999 ; http://www.juriscom.net/txt/jurisfr/da/tgiparis19990414.htm.

* ⁶⁵ http://www.gso.enfrance.com/page1.html; site carried out by multi-media Atlantel which presents the Western Southern group

* ⁶⁶ http://www.gso.enfrance.com/page1.html; site carried out by multi-media Atlantel which presents the Western Southern group

* ⁶⁹ Cities in Laurent Geslin and Olivier Tillered ; « The local press on Internet » ; IUT of journalism ; 2000. http://mapage.noos.fr/lgeslin/pqr/pg/index.htm

* ⁷⁶ http://www.gso.enfrance.com/; site carried out by multi-media Atlantel which presents the Western Southern group.

E-Presse : Presse en danger ou complément de l'information

Thierry SCHILTZ

Master's paper

Director of research : Christian Laguerre