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Beliefs and attitudes towards male domestic violence in South Kivu

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par Ndabuli Theophile Mugisho
University of KwaZulu Natal - Master 2011
  

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2.4.3.2 Abuser's emotions

To Guerrero and La Valley (2006:70), emotions are a response to a stimulus or events; they can disrupt, avert or boost an individual's desired objective. The abuser's violent emotions hinder the victim from enjoying her freedom and rights as a family member (Olson and DeFrain, 2000:122). In this line, Bahige (1994:87), the UNICEF (2007) and the HRW (2002) abuser's negative emotions distress the family members because they generate anger and this often leads to verbal and aggressive behaviours.

Furthermore, Koenig et al (n.d:56) and Isenhart and Spangle (2000:4) believe that the abuser's destructive emotions may result in blameworthiness. Reciprocal blaming makes the abuser deny accountability for his actions, which ultimately invigorates violence in the home (Matundu, 2007). In this way, `by ascribing positive effects to their own behaviour and negative ones to the victim, abusers' emotions contribute to aggressive communication, which contribute to domestic abuse (UNIFEM, 2001).

2.4.3.3 Abuser's past history

The environment in which an individual grew up may cause him become abuser in the future. The Watch Tower Bible Tract Society says that children who witness or suffer domestic assault in their early age develop the belief that family abuse is practical and logical in handling contentions (WTBTS, 1996:115). For example, the boys who are exposed to their fathers' abuse in the home will do the same once married and the girls will endure their husbands' violence as do their mothers (Koenig et al., n.d:33). Accordingly, Edelson (1999:5) indicates that children, almost 90%, who are present in the home when domestic violence occurs, perpetrate it in their adulthood. For sure, a violent a background will impact on the individual as power was successfully exercised over family members through aggression and there was no intervention to impede it in the past (Er Turk, 2007:72).

2.4.3.4 Media and parents negligence

The media is a strong tool that may foster violence if no rigid regulations are elaborated
regarding its use. In this vein, Seifert (1996:36) and Holmes (2003:65) underscore that
movies, television, music, some newspapers and the internet depict family and social abuse as

tolerable. To the UNIFEM (2001) and Pence et al. (1989:75), social and parental tolerance of media violence may produce unexpected anxiety, particularly for children, if no follow up is made to hinder media's propagation of violence. Olson and DeFrain (2000:92) confirm that for every hour of assaultive violent television programme watched on daily basis; one child out of three may present aggressive attitudes and behaviours in the following five years.

2.4.3.5 Substance abuse

Alcohol is one of the many substances that cause men involve in domestic violence. Alcohol induces violence as it helps the abuser's reticence of violence to break down (Goodwin, 2004:112). Men consume more alcohol compared to women and this causes them to hardly manage their brutal impulses, making them more aggressive toward family members (Walker, 1999:21 and MSF, 2005). In this way, Amato and Booth (1996:35) aver that alcohol drinking pushes some men to decimate their family's little income, which creates conflict and violence with family members.

To West and Prinz (1987:102), the abuser may take alcohol to abuse and violence may drug him into taking alcohol to forget about the abuse or sometimes, even a totally different perpetrator may trigger both of them. But alcohol and other substances consumption cause heavy consequences to the family. Nasir and Hyder (2003:3) and Wong et al. (2008:11) found that, in Syria, almost 30% of women and 27% of children are wounded, battered or expelled from the home because the abuser was drunk. In South Kivu, some father's excessive drinking of alcohol has caused their children become street children because they have been deprived for going to school, which ultimately pushed some of them to enrol with local militia (COFAPRI, 2010). All in all, too much drinking is financially draining and causes bodily harm and moral destruction, shame to the drunkard and disturbs the family and the neighbourhood peace (Anne and Williamson, 1988:89).

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