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Beliefs and attitudes towards male domestic violence in South Kivu

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par Ndabuli Theophile Mugisho
University of KwaZulu Natal - Master 2011
  

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2.4.3.6 Influence of sports

In addition to the above factors, Selles (1999:20) notes that competitive sports may develop in the individual the attitude of using force to win. Stark (1986:23) substantiates that using brutality to get victory may hinder an individual's nonviolent beliefs and attitudes to address contentions in the home.

Congruent with Levy (1991:17), boys are culturally educated to oppose nurturing manners and this leads many of them to cultivate beliefs that denigrate and exploit women in society. In this vein, Wilondja (2008:90) thinks that South Kivu boys who play competitive games express a poorer degree of sportsmanship and fairness compared to the boys who were never involved in competitive sports. Levy (1991:21) assumes that a person who insists on winning at any cost will also develop violent beliefs and attitudes toward household members.

2.4.4 Effects of domestic violence

The wide and long-term consequences of domestic violence may be physical and psychological, and they can affect the family and the society.

2.4.4.1 Social effects

The effects of domestic violence damage the family and the society. Mahajan (1990:91) ascertains that the damages of domestic abuse are high and heavy as `society may pay costly medical care, mental health services, criminal justice intervention, witnesses huge business losses and its security is endangered'. There is some evidence (Women for Women International, 2007) that the cost of domestic abuse in the United States of America (USA) is `estimated in billions of dollars each year'. In South Kivu, Ongala (1993:53) say that domestic abusers also threaten the security of the whole society and particularly that of their neighbourhood. Wilondja (2008:70) affirms that `the noise of the victim at night and repeated fight in the home disturb everyone and social environment'. Furthermore, Women for Women International (2007) states that DRC women were divorced and others chased from their villages as they were raped during wars.

2.4.4.2 Effects on the victim

The victim of domestic violence may suffer various lifelong problems. In this regard, Straus (1990:23) evidences that physical and moral injuries are the most appalling consequences of domestic violence. For example, Sable (1998:32) found that in the USA, 6% of the victims of domestic abuse live in intense disappointment that they decide to commit suicide. On the other hand, Barnett (2000:79) confirms that Indian hopeless and miserable women victims of domestic abuse count for 60%. Such a situation prevails because the victim suffers being denied contact with her family members, friends or her own children' (Matundu, 2007). In South Kivu, this writer notes that victims of domestic abuse suffer terrible depression, develop nightmares and sleeplessness, causing health complications. In addition, Fikree and Bhatti (1992) point that domestic abuse makes the victim hate the people of the abuser's gender because she is coerced, oppressed, humiliated and upset. This, to Bahige (1994:160), lowers the victim's morality and self-esteem, sometimes pushing her to quit her job; so, without financial means, she suffers with her and possibly she can lose the house if she was renting.

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