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Beliefs and attitudes towards male domestic violence in South Kivu

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par Ndabuli Theophile Mugisho
University of KwaZulu Natal - Master 2011
  

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2.4.4.3 Health effects

The victims of domestic violence develop different health related problems. Physical and mental complications may accompany abuse. Bahige (1994:290) states that women victims of domestic abuse suffer grave physical wounds which sometimes cause trauma and therefore impede medical care effectiveness. Mukwege and Mays (2009:43) mention among others arthritis, diabetes, heart diseases and hypertension that are often detected among older female victims. Stark (1986:23) supports that such complications worsen the victims' lives as the perpetrator cannot allow or assist the victim to accede to medications or appropriate medical care. In South Kivu, recent reports show that women and girls suffer physical injuries like broken bones, head wounds, pelvic pain, abdominal and gastrointestinal complaints due to domestic battering (UNIFEM, 2007). If the woman experiences violence while pregnant, she may not gain much weight, run the risk of pre-term delivery or miscarriage, birth of infant with low weight and injury to or death of the foetus (WHO, 2006).

2.4.4.4 Sexual effects

In most cases, domestic violence overlaps with sexual abuse. The victim is compelled to sex beyond her preparation and willing (Gelles, 1997).This often culminates in unwanted pregnancies or contamination of STDs, including HIV/AIDS, fights and eventually separation (Mossi and Duarte, 2006). To the US Bureau of Census (1997:8), the upshots of brutal, inappropriate and hurtful sexual intercourse remains indelible in the mind of the victim since she develops feelings of guilt, shame, fear, bitterness, lowered self-esteem and depression for long periods. Sexual abuse often makes the victim to lose trust in the abuser, develop incapacities to rest and enjoy sexual activities, become a misogynist, or be reluctant to experience sexual pleasure (Olson and DeFrain, 2000:203 and Melgosa and Melgosa, 2008:46). These finally develop the victim's failure to reach sexual orgasm, which causes masturbation, unfaithfulness or divorce (Finkelhor, 1986:123).

2.4.4.5 Economic effects

As most world societies are patriarchal, this causes some women not to easily gain economic means. In fact, women rely on men who are the only owners of economic assets and besides, girls and women cannot inherit from their fathers once they are deceased (Russell 1996:97 and Women Watch, 2000). In accordance with the US Bureau of Census (1997:3), almost 30% of the women abused in their homes lose their jobs because of direct and repeated assault by the husband. Actually, Gelles (1997:61) avers that women victims of domestic abuse may move several times away from the abuser; but if she were employed, this hampers on her job's stability. Therefore, the victim becomes more destitute, which worsens her situation and that of her children (Strauss and Gelles, 1986:79).

2.4.4.6 Damage on marriage

Marriage is not safe with domestic violence. The victim suffers low self-esteem, which is due to lack of skilful communication between the couple (Stern and Beir, 1977:12). As stated by Boonzaier (2008:69), violence in marriage shrinks the couple's harmony and often, this culminates in separation or divorce. To Levy (1991:21), this happens because of the abuser's emotional violence that has been applied to the wife, blaming her for his own bad behaviour or hold her accountable for actions he has failed to control in the home.

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