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Beliefs and attitudes towards male domestic violence in South Kivu

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par Ndabuli Theophile Mugisho
University of KwaZulu Natal - Master 2011
  

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2.4 Domestic violence

This section highlights what domestic violence is. It also focuses on its different types, causes and outcomes. It discusses what makes it a cultural norm in men's minds.

2.4.1 Definition

Several attempts have been made to define domestic violence. Adams and Fortune (1995:15) view domestic violence as coercive manipulation that a family member asserts over another with the aim of dominating or getting and preserving power and control.

Domestic violence means learned behaviour that violent people acquire to abuse family members. The abuser's aim is to confirm and uphold power over family members. Violent men learn this behavior via observation; for instance, Levy (1991:46) notes that boys who witness domestic violence by their fathers assaulting their mothers and sisters are seven times more likely to apply the same to their own spouses once they are married. This explains how domestic violence is leaned through exposure to social values and beliefs regarding the

appropriate roles of men and women. Besides, violent behaviour is reinforced when peers and authorities fail to sanction batterers for applying violence.

In the same vein, the World Health Organization underscores that domestic abuse in the home is a crime that manifests itself differently in interwoven and sometimes persistent forms (WHO, 2009a). Furthermore, Olson and DeFrain (2000:516) state that domestic violence is the condition in which a family member decides to willingly intimidate a member of the household who lives with him. In this way, the domestic abuser voluntarily manipulates the victim physically, sexually, psychologically or economically.

Domestic violence goes beyond applying physical force to the victim. According to Arias (1999:12), it has no limits and its victims have no specific profile. This is to say that anyone can perpetrate or suffer it but women are the most exposed. In their research, Arias and Pape (1999:33), for example, found that 85% of women suffer domestic violence, but mostly young couples between 18 and 30 years old are highly at risk of critical spousal assault.

2.4.2 Forms of domestic violence

Domestic violence has different forms. They vary depending on the environment and the abuser, and they interrelate.

2.4.2.1 Domestic emotional violence

Eigen (1996:74) defines emotional violence as the abuser's intentional infliction of psychological and emotional agony via humiliation or threat, including verbal or non-verbal behaviour to the victim. These psychological and emotional abuses put down a household member as the abuser wants to have total control over what the victim can or cannot do, withholding information from them and limiting their acquaintances (Saltzman et al., 2002:42).

2.4.2.2 Domestic physical violence

The abuser will physically assault a household member once a conflict is overt. It is in this context that severe harm, injury, disability and occasionally death may follow. Bartels et al. (2009:101) reveal that South Kivu men have often caused indelible physical scars to the victims and others have been burned parts of their body for maintaining their power in the family. Conversely, Vuningoma (2003:68) notes that, some women are more violent than their abusers as `they even happen to cut their husbands sex off'.

Children also are involved in domestic violence. Some cultures condone that parents apply force to children for correction, but the opposite is not allowed. However, nowadays families are witnessing children committing abuse to their parents in the home. A survey conducted by Vuningoma (2003:66) in South Kivu showed that almost 2% of the parents admitted to have suffered violence caused by their own sons. They pushed and beat their parents, burned the house with the parents inside it and attacked parents with machetes, spears or knives in an attempt to wound or kill them (Longa and Bulonza, 2006:33).

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