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Beliefs and attitudes towards male domestic violence in South Kivu

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par Ndabuli Theophile Mugisho
University of KwaZulu Natal - Master 2011
  

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2.4.2.3 Domestic sexual violence

This is another form of abuse that the abuser applies by forcing another person, adult or child of different or same sex, to be involved in a sexual act without consent (Olson and DeFrain, 2000:314). In many countries, one of the root causes of sexual violence is the subordinate status of women and girls. Itano (2009:32) considers discrimination and unequal power relations in families as exposing women greatly to sexual abuse. Evidence by Jewkes (2006), quoted in Zihindula (2009:14), reveals that South Africa ranges among the countries with the highest rates of domestic sexual violence in the world. As a matter of fact, the same writer adds that in 2001 alone about 50,000 women and girls were sexually abused in their families.

As regards sexual violence directed to children, the abuser may be a parent or any other family member. Olson and DeFrain (2000:512) found that sexual abuse on children is a serious problem that is on raise although it is underreported. In line with Holmes (2003:72), teenagers and children may suffer different domestic sexual abuses. The incestuous abuse is also known as intra-familial sexual violence. Actually, incest recalls sexual activity of any

category that is done by the individuals who belong to the same wide or nucleus family. Furthermore, there also exists non-incestuous abuse. It is also called extra familial sexual abuse. Such an abuse often arises with the individuals who do not belong to the child's family. In South Kivu, the incestuous abusers may be `grandparents, adopted children, stepparents and in-laws' (Ruhamya, 2007). Incest remains a kind of exploitation of teenagers by a family member. Such a sexual abuse is often committed between `brothers and sisters, fathers and daughters, stepfathers and stepdaughters, and uncles and nieces than between mothers and sons' (Russell 1996:43). On its own, incest greatly damages the victim's psychology and so it fosters persisting, long lasting sexual and social problems. Gorman (1991:93) believes that incest goes beyond sexual contact as it includes `fondling, rubbing one's genitals against a child and excessive or suggestive washing of a child's pubic area'. In fact, the abuser does not consider whether the child liberally involves in the sexual endeavour or even taking it as pleasurable. The child is unable to provide informed approval to such an act. The above argument is what makes `incest an abuser's misuse of power and authority' (Ruhamya, 2007).

Yet the abuser uses various tricky ways to take sex by brutality, which obliges the victim to make love under physical pressure. Accordingly in South Kivu, some parents defile their daughters and the WHO (2005b) says that with the spread of HIV/AIDS, some fathers defile very young girls and sometimes their own daughters to cure AIDS based on witch doctors' advice. The men who force their daughters to join in unwanted, insecure or degrading sexual activity ridicule themselves and bring shame to the whole family (Longa and Bulonza, 2006:90). Sexual abusers tend to limit or destroy the victim's sexual lust or reproductivity and sometimes, they exploit sexually the victim.

Furthermore, sexual abusers may compel the victim to involve in watching pornographies with them. The aim is to rouse the victim sexually and finally involve in sexual acts. Mirindi(2003:76) found that sexual abuse is often linked to physical abuse and sometimes they happen simultaneously, or the sexual abuse may take place after physical abuse.

It is believed that one of the root causes of sexual violence is the subordinate status of women and their being discriminated. Itano (2009:32) considers discrimination and unequal power relations in families as exposing women greatly to GBV and that addressing the disparity that exists in every society is vital to their responses to the issue.

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