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Parcs à  karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) (Gaertn. c. f. ) (Sapotaceae) au Bénin: importance socio-culturelle, caractérisations morphologique, structurale et régénération naturelle

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par Paul Césaire GNANGLE
Université d'Abomey-Calavi (Bénin) - DEA en aménagement et gestion des ressources naturelles (agroforesterie) 2005
  

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Abstract

Socio-cultural issues of conservation, morphological structural characteristics and natural regeneration of shea parklands were carried out in two vegetation types from 158 rectangular sample plots of 30m x 30m chosen in 20 villages and 300 households in Benin.

As regards socio-cultural factors, there is a high significant difference between ethnics groups as far as in situ conservation is concerned ( ÷2 =67.84; d.f. =2 and P<1%). Creation of parklands appears as a

socio-economic and cultural fact, which is carried out when farmers cleared land to settle yam and cotton. In Benin, shea is maintained and conserved on farmers' fields by Bariba, Gando, Peulh, Dendi, Bôo, Mokolé, Nagot, Lokpa, Bentamaribè et Wama ethnic groups. In contrast, Fon, Mahi and Idaatcha ethnic groups had no traditional strategies of in situ conservation of shea. Therefore, there is a high significant difference between the ethnic groups regarding shea wood utilisation ( ÷2 =13.84; ddl=6 and P<5%).

Likewise, the difference between the ethnics groups regarding utilization of shea as traditional medicine
products is also significant ( ÷2 =10.65; ddl=4 and P<5%). For Lokpa, Bentamaribè, Wama, Bôo and Nagot

ethnics groups, the tree is used in ceremonies and burials. Thus, difference between ethnic groups regarding religious use of shea is highly significant ( ÷2 =21.91; ddl=2 and P<1%).

The farming system of the parklands is characterized by shifting cultivation, and it can be differentiated according to south-north rainfall gradient, ethnic groups, external pressure on the trees in the parkland, dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of the trees. According to mesologic and anthropogenic variables that were analysed by MINITAB 13.20 software, five (5) agroforestry parklands are identified in Benin. These are: (i) Bohicon agroforestry parkland (ii) Savè agroforestry parkland, (iii) Parakou agroforestry parkland, (iv) Bembéréké agroforestry parkland and (v) Kandi agroforestry parkland. These analyses were completed by a measure of morphological descriptors (length of petiole and limb, width petiole) on 10 leaves chosen at randomly at the lower part of the shea crown for at least three (3) trees per rectangular plot.

The dbh of 318 trees, spatial distribution and density of trees augmented from north to south according to rainfall gradient and latitude. There is a significant difference between those variables (P<5%).

Concerning the structural aspect, trees density in the different vegetations types followed the same trend with the average distance d between seed bearer and it's neighbour. This distance is between 1.94 m to 3.36 m. In all of the parklands, spatial distribution was aggregative. The natural regeneration existed, but is compromised by fire, luminosity, fallow duration (even if they are short), agricultural activities, insects and grazing the parkland. Natural regeneration of the tree follows JANZEN (1970) process of sowing spacing. Only ten years period fallow or older could secure regeneration of shea tree.

Key words: shea parkland, socio-cultural importance, population structure, morphology, regeneration, Benin.

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