E-Presse : Presse en danger ou complément de l'information

Master's paper

[e-mail]

Director of research : Christian Laguerre

« E-press : Press in danger or further information »

2001-2002

THANKS

I first of all hold to thank Mr Frederic Saler way in which it received me and from time that it devoted to our maintenance carried out.

It enabled me to include/understand well how functions the Sudouest.com. site.

In the second place, I make a point of thanking Mr Laguerre to have followed me and have directed at the time of the constitution for this memory.

And finally, I make a point of thanking all the people who agreed to answer my questionnaire on the regional daily press on Internet

CONTENTS

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Methodology of this memory  P 07

Introduction first part P 09

I.INTERNET, CULTURAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL OR SIMPLY TECHNICAL REVOLUTION 

1. The revolution of Internet

1.1 Origins and the development of Internet P 10

1.2 Bond between technical progress and social change  p 11

1.3 Undeniable assets P 14

1.4 Transparency P 16

1.5 Cyber-meet P 17

1.6 Inequalities P 19 

1.7 Freedom P 20

1.8 Impact on the company P 21

1.9 Analyze assumption P 23

Conclusion first part P 25

Introduction second part P 26

II. PAPER MEDIUM WITH THE ELECTRONIC MEDIUM 

1. Compete with or complementarity 

1.1 Beginnings of the press on line P 27 

1.2 Key figures P 29 

1.3 Different assistantships P 32 

1.4 Convergence of the two supports P 33 

1.5 Interactivity P 34

1.6 Personalization of the offer P 34

1.7 Analyze assumption P 35

2. The function journalist is it credible on Internet ?

2.1 The demonopolisation of information P 36

2.2 Free access to the sources P 37

2.3 Diffusion of information P 37

2.4 Loss of credibility P 38

2.5 Or hyper-credibility P 40

2.6 Analyze assumption P 41

3. Of the journalist to the cyber-journalists

3.1 A strong deontology P 41

3.2 The writing on the Web P 43

3.3 A more tiring reading P 44

3.4 A new writing because of a new reading P 45

3.5 Formation P 46

3.6 Analyze assumption P 48

4.Rentability of the press on electronic medium 

4.1 Principle of the exemption from payment P 49

4.2 Publicity on the Web P 50

4.3 E-espionage P 52

4.4 The E-mass mailing P 52

4.5 Press electronic and trades electronic P 53

4.6 Small advertisements P 54

4.7Etat current of the profitability of the daily newspapers on the fabric P 56

4.8 Analyze assumption P 60

5. Statute of the press on Internet

5.1Historic of the right of the press P 61

5.2 The statute of the press on line P 61

5.3 Royalties P 67

5.4 Chart of journalist P 69

5.5 Analyze assumption P 71

Conclusion second part P 72

Introduction third part P 73

III. THE REGIONAL DAILY PRESS ON INTERNET

1. Group South-western

1.1 Presentation of the daily newspaper P 74

1.2 Discussion with Frederic To salt P 78

1.3 Analyze maintenance in connection with the assumptions P 81

2. Inquire into the regional daily press

2.1 Methodology of the investigation P 82

2.2 Result P 83

2.3 Analyze investigation in connection with the assumptions P 96

Conclusion third part P 99

Other tracks to be explored P 100

General conclusion P 103

Bibliography P 105

Appendices P 109

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

In one century, technologies of the communication made fast and vertiginous progress.

One could note how the radio and television succeeded in being integrated in the company without to make disappear the other existing media.

Internet is a new media which has just appeared in our company.

Many people intend a glorious future and strong promises to him in its connection.

One does not know yet exactly how it will be integrated in our company and it is thus prone to many probable assumptions in its future.

Our population has a need for information concerning the world where it is located.

That can be topicality general, economic, sporting or different which is dependant according to its personal interests.

The media assume this role and one can say until there that the appearance of the new media like the radio and television were complémentarisés and converged.

Nevertheless the radio is made up of sounds and television of a marriage sounds and images whereas Internet diffuses primarily writing such that the newspaper industry.

The objective of this memory is to measure if this new technique with the promises which are made to him will prolong the history or on the contrary to even destabilize to destroy one of the first appeared media which are the printing works of the newspapers.

Methodology of this memory :

This memory aims to answer six essential assumptions which turn around the topic of the electronic press.

It was necessary for me thus to find primarily works theoretical in order to check my assumptions.

The first measure to be taken is thus to go to consult the various libraries and bookstores of Bordeaux. So several problems quickly appeared.

First was a small quantity of works which covered this subject.

The second problem, which was most constraining, comes from nature from media Internet. This media is in perpetual evolution and the principal works found in these places were very quickly obsolete.

Indeed a work which was written in 1998 included/understood certain valid information nowadays but the majority were exceeded by the fast evolution of this tool and the methods which accompany it.

Nevertheless, a system of filtering on these works not very recent and the discovery of other works a little more recent made it possible to draw the fundamental theories to validate or cancel the put forth assumptions.

It should be noted that the theory which was used to me for the not-validation of my first assumption resulted almost exclusively from works.

The second method used to check my assumptions was to go to take information on the mother of all networks to knowing Internet.

Thanks to and the bond search engines in bonds, it was possible to direct me towards relevant information to check the assumptions.

This tool gave the possibility of making research on a larger territory.

There are works and whole reports/ratios of researchers, teachers and professionals who are at the disposal of the Net surfer.

Moreover Internet allowed me to go to examine the electronic versions of the daily newspapers in order to analyze if the theory were well applied by the electronic daily newspapers.

The third method to check my assumptions was of a more practical nature.

This method had two missions :

- To give an outline of the behaviors of the population concerning their accesses to the regional press.

- To supplement the theoretical one by two studies on the ground.

It, initially, was carried out a discussion with a multi-media journalist with the South-western daily newspaper in order to explain me the methods of its work to analyze if they were well in adequacy with the theories drawn to check my assumptions.

In a second place was carried out a survey near the population of the South Basin in order to analyze the behavior of this population to reach regional information but there too to make it possible to support the theory which checks my assumptions.

This memory is composed of three parts.

Each under parts of the first two parts have an assumption stated in beginning, a theoretical study during its unfolding and a validation or a not-validation in end.

The Third part relates to primarily research on the ground which made it possible to support the theory and to give an outline of the access to regional information in our area.

INTRODUCTION FIRST PART

This first part is devoted not to the press on Internet but to Internet as a whole.

The purpose of it is to give theoretical elements in order to check only one assumption whereas the second part aims to check five of them.

The choice to put only one assumption in this part comes from a more important need of theory than for the following ones but also because it will treat Internet as a whole whereas thereafter it is the press on Internet.

To read the press, to hear the radio, to listen to television, it seems that all that touches with Internet is developed by a promise of a better world.

Internet should radically change our company to go towards a better future.

This part aims to check if this new tool is well intended to carry out a social revolution.

I.INTERNET, CULTURAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL OR SIMPLY TECHNICAL REVOLUTION

My first assumption, setting ahead in this part, relates to Internet as a whole.

It emits that Internet is a tool of communication which in the future will revolutionize our company by modifying there the activities and the relations of our world population.

1. The revolution of Internet

1.1 Origins and the development of Internet :

Internet network has soon a quarter century. Indeed, it is into 1969 that the American ministry for defense undertakes to build a data-processing communication network which can resist a nuclear attack. It is still during the time of the cold war and it is thus important for the government and the soldiers to be able to continue to make communicate, in all the cases of figures, all the organizations of defense. The original architecture of the network is explained for this reason : one should not create a central node, a center of order, which would be likely, if it were touched, to block the whole of the system.

In system Internet, all the computers connect themselves through thousands of networks. Also if a network does not function any more, if it is destroyed by an unfavourable power or so quite simply, it suffers from a clogging of calls, then information follow another advance to arrive to its recipient. In a word, Internet is a network of networks.

This method of construction facilitated the development of the system. Dice 1972 the network « ARPANET » is set up. It allows the connection of a score of military and university centers. For qu `Internet becomes a broader mean of communication, it will be necessary to await 1982, date on which, the access to the network is granted free.

The following year the National Science Foundation (NSF) American finance the setting in network of sixty American universities and three European. In 1985, the network of the NSF is integrated into Internet. One estimates then at 5000 the number of users of the network.

Especially the speed transmission increases gradually and, in 1986, the network is connected on the public lines. Consequently, Internet touches the whole of the scientific community. In 1987, 100.000 computers are connected and more than 3000 research centers dialog on Internet. Gradually Internet was diverted of its military function to interest the researchers and the academics. A community of user was born, who has his own culture where mix taste for data processing, is delirious of researcher and pleasure of the dialog.

The appearance of software of access to Internet, under Windows, for micro the computers, facilitates the approach of the Net. More known, mosaïc, will be distributed free to all the users of the network.

Moreover, with the progress of numerical compression, it video makes its entry on Internet. The networks on line thus approach the graphic quality of the CD-ROM.

But, it is especially since 1992, that the blow of accelerator is given. The conditions with Internet, for the private companies, are softened, so that all those which have the equipment necessary can propose services.

Commercial companies are installed on the network to sell services and time of connection. Consequently, of new actors appear on the network, of the thousands of people connect themselves. Internet becomes a phenomenon of company.

1.2 Bond between technical progress and social change :

I first of all make a point of specifying that these reflections made to check this assumption were theoretically drawn from the works of Domenica Wolton « Internet and afterwards » but also of Breton Philippe « The worship of the Internet.

For thirty years a waltz of progress of the tools of communication has taken place. The men vis-a-vis the techniques of communication are pressed, always late and seek fast progress.

One thus has, now, of the means of communication which are fast and without border.

Internet has been for a few years a tool which is proposed. Many people regard it as a tool which will upset positively and radically the company.

It must enable us by a better freer, more interdependent communication to be and to decrease the social inequalities.

It is a tool which will increase the capacity of our democracy, from its possible interactivity, but it is also a door towards a world unification.

One thus attends a race of technical progress to arrive at a better company.

The press, body which is easily skeptic, is, him also, accordingly of the race to progress.

Since ten years, it published an incalculable number of supplements written or audio-visual on new technologies, quoting constantly the United States like models it to follow and denouncing the delay of French mentalities.

The idea of Domenica Wolton^1(*) is to relativize this revolution.

According to him « these visions technicists of the future are all founded on the idea, dominant in the United States, of the primacy of technology on the company. Their greater defect is to ignore the history... Obnubilated by technology, they do not know which the human societies were always more complicated than the most sophisticated technologies. »

Indeed it thinks that technical progress does not suffice for him to only reveal a change of the communication and culture.

It thinks that if a technique of communication plays an essential part, it is because it symbolizes a radical rupture existing simultaneously in the cultural order in the company.

It is not the printing works, which in oneself upset Europe, but it is the bond between the printing works and the deep movement of questioning of the catholic church. It is the reform which gave its direction to the revolution of printing works and not the printing works which allowed the reform.

In the same way the radio, then television had this impact only because they were related to the deep movement in favor of the democracy of mass.

If the techniques are the visible element of the communication, essence is the cultural model which they convey, and the project concerning the role and the organization of the communication system of a company.

Another example which Domenica Wolton in^2(*) his theory quoted is what it calls the European desert of the communication.

It explains us why to wonder about European mutual comprehension does not limit itself to a technical interrogation.

Indeed Europe is made up of 370 million inhabitants and it is not while placing inter-connected computers and televisions that one will solve the problem of the European cause.

It will be necessary to re-examine the history, the symbols, the representations, the ideologies, the stereotypes... and the performance of the tools appears ridiculous.

The European countries have all a strong culture and identity but if they had suddenly had a will of really living then the techniques jointly would join to carry out this bond but one returns from there to the dependence of the techniques compared to a cultural model and to a social project.

Internet is thus not, with its analysis, a revolution as much declare it but it is clear that new technologies have assets which are undeniable and which attract a primarily young public.

1.3 Undeniable assets

There is a certain psychological dimension which, indeed, is essential in the attraction of new technologies because those Ci join the deep movement

of individualization of our company.

They are the symbol of freedom and the capacity to control time and space, a little as the car in the Thirties.

One can summarize this attraction in three words which are : autonomy, control and speed.

Each one can act, without intermediary, when he wants, without filter nor hierarchy and in real time.

I do not wait, I not acted and the result is immediate. That gives a feeling of absolute freedom and even of power, whose account well the expression returns « surfer on the Net ».

An open world accessible to all, and which finally gives a chance to each one, whatever its route and its diplomas.

And it is for one of these reasons that new technologies acquire a social dimension, because they make it possible to give a new chance to those which missed the first.

It is not only the abundance, the freedom and the absence of control which allure but also the possibility of a possible car-promotion without school, without Master and control.

One can according to Philippe Breton^3(*) distinguish three positions concerning attraction for Internet.

There are the partisans of whole Internet, the partisans of a reasoned use and the technophobes.

The partisans of whole Internet will deploy all their energy to try to make develop Internet which they see like the future of the man and our company.

Internet is for them a new world.

The partisans of the reasoned use see Internet as a tool equipped with considerable assets to exploit but they do not place it in optics to make a social revolution.

The technophobes are those which are opposed to the new techniques of communication and more particularly to Internet.

Indeed it can be related on the ignorance and the frustration of the new techniques.

The inequality of the personal and professional situations, and the inequality of education can cause this phenomenon.

After illiteracy the i-electronism is added.

There are also those which are irritated by the apology made by the media on Internet and which prefer to refuse it in block without them having really value judgments.

The partisans of whole Internet speak to us about promises of a better world.

For example Bill Gates^4(*) speaks to us, in his work « the road ahead », that Internet will be able to enrich our leisures and our cultures, that it will attenuate our urban tensions since each one will work at his place or in a country house.

He promises that one will learn with better controlling our life in all these aspects thanks to the new communication networks.

He makes, already there, a rather considerable promise, but one can quote another character who accentuates his remarks.

Pierre Lévyest^5(*) author of multiple tests, on this topic, which will have a great influence in the mediums of new information technologies and beyond.

Levy does not hesitate to evoke it « total reconnection of the mankind with itself » that Internet will allow.

It thinks that the true destination of the man is to be a planet gear, taking an active part in the collective intelligence of its species.

Internet represents one accordingly « citadel of light ".

All its remarks speak to us about the true finality of new information technologies. All occurs as if Internet had the capacity to reduce the tensions, to build a more harmonious and conflict social bond. The imaginary world that its speeches propose to us calm, luminous and is pacified.

It is a also question of being able to do everything at home without moving of its armchair. All the activities there will thus be found that one exerts downtown like some other news.

1.4 Transparency

The topic of the transparency frequently returns in the mediums of new technologies.

This value even made irruption in the world of the policy, which certainly under the old government, Lionel Jospin had declared at the time of the ten ninth summer school that « the entry of our country in the company of information corresponded to more access to the knowledge and the culture, more employment and of growth, more public utility and of transparency, more democracy and of freedom ».

The transparency is here on the same level as other values considered to be fundamental.

The concept of transparency is sometimes comparable with the Utopia of a social harmony, without secrecy neither lie, opposition nor conflict.

The fact of making more harmonious the world by Internet implies to give up the conflicts, the oppositions, division, criticism, the power plays.

For that, the continuation of an ideal of transparency implies that Internet is a completely open network.

It is necessary that there is a generalized interconnection and that one lets pass what about is deprived, from the close friend, of the secrecy.

In Ohio^6(*), an experiment was made.

Six friends are in a house 24h on 24 and all that they make is filmed on the Net and available in the whole world.

 

For the fundamentalist ones of Internet, the ideal of a transparent world incarnates itself in one « village total », without border, law, unconstrained. Freedom of movement in is imperative, and any standard which makes obstacle with this freedom of movement is perceived a such enemy with this transparency.

The hacking is also sometimes compared to this desire of transparency. The attacks which were made in 2000 against the gate of yahoo was not to divert confidential data but it was well the active worship of the transparency, the opening, the suppression of the secrecy which can explain such behaviors.

According to Pascal bubble^7(*), author of an article in release in February 2000, the bibliographies of pirates are rare, but the little which one has resembles. For saying that in their youth, they dismounted all the objects in order to try to include/understand how they functioned.

Even impassioned Internet in general adopted this attitude being children.

1.5 Cyber-meet

Internet is a mother of all networks which allows, if it be thorough at the end, to separate the men and to exempt them of any direct meeting.

The most direct partisans of Internet affirm, which to profit from the promises which Internet offers to reach this new world, then, it will be necessary to transfer to it the majority from the activities that up to that point we realize differently : work, leisures, television, trade, relations with others, the prayer, and for more the extremists sexuality.

Any communication, any meeting, any relation must from now on pass by the network.

A concept which is put in parallel is that the desire of a better world can come owing to the fact that our current world is marked by violence.

The goal is to go towards a pacification while moving away from the other. Each one among us wants to be locked up in a bubble and a pacified universal communication : all advantages of the communication without its risks.

All the relations will be done since at home, in fact cybers-relations would exempt the direct relations and their disadvantages.

Internet would bring peace in a disturbed world which does not see how to make peace.

Often the partisans of Internet have evil to come into direct contact with people. A Net surfer can spend the hours in a cybercafé to communicate on the Net and to have a large difficulty in come into contact with his neighbor of left.

It is necessary to pay attention to this multi connection, because no matter what say the partisans of Internet, always a moment ago when it will be necessary to release the machines and to learn how to speak with somebody directly .

The cyber-world is technically possible but appears not very probable to apply.

The chiefs D `state has all the means to communicate between them by the machines but it is seen that they take the plane to make thousands of kilometers in order to have a direct relation.

1.6 Inequalities 

A promise of Internet is that, from its access to the universal culture, and from its possibility of planetary communication, it will be a tool which will cause a drop in the inequalities.

This remains to be proven and of the studies show the opposite.

Indeed according to Domenica Wolton^8(*) and Breton Philippe^9(*), Internet is a tool which will reinforce the inequalities.

There is already five million illiterate in France to which will be added the i-electronism. Everyone is not familiarized with the tool of new technologies and the schools just start to teach it.

The problem is especially in the Third World countries where the population has less the occasion to be familiarized with these new technologies.

We are very far from the speeches of « reunification of the conscience universal » and nearer to the traditional figure of the increase in the domination of some, because of control of the tools of communication.

Moreover Internet, contrary on television and with the radio which offer same information for everyone, is a tool where the person must go to seek her own information.

The problem is that it is already necessary to have assets to go to seek information.

Somebody who arrives on the site of the museum of the Louvre or the library of Paris must have a minimum of knowledge to know what to ask.

He thus y will have a difference in use of Internet according to the sociocultural level.

It is not all, information on Internet, which will have an added value, risk in the future to become more and more paying then will be added in more one financial selection.

Jean-Paul Fitoussi^10(*) wrote a work on this subject, « the new age of the inequalities », which represents this thought well.

1.7 Freedom

Freedom is a concept which by the use of Internet is likely to be threatened under certain aspects.

One often speaks about the network level denounced in a report/ratio of the European Parliament. ^11(*)

The national sécurity agency is shown to devote itself to an activity of systematic interception of the world communications, in particular those which forward by Internet.

Freedoms are also threatened by a development of the aspects of the electronic trade.

Such is the topic of the report/ratio 1999 of the national commission on data processing and freedoms (CNIL)^12(*) in France which worries about the development of the cyber-monitoring and the conditions about the electronic trade.

The suppression of the mediations in the trade makes the things easier.

Simple clicks and one passes to the decision of purchase and with the payment on line, the impulsive ones may find it beneficial to be controlled.

Moreover and as he is written a little more explicitly in the continuation of this memory, the controls of publicities try with certain successes to violate the private life of the Net surfers.

The principle is simple and it did not await new communication and information technologies for that.

More the advertizing executive knows the life, the tastes, the practices of that to which it is addressed more it will be able to adapt its message and to increase the chances to allure its interlocutor and thus to sell.

There is by the attack with freedom.

Another point, as one saw it is necessary to be wary of the multi connection so that it does not decrease too our direct relations but there is another consequence to take into account.

Indeed, a man who has his various portables, his electronic mails, his soon marketed faxes and other services will be unceasingly reachable.

It is enough to already see the slave system which represents a portable telephone. There is there too a mistrust to have on our freedom.

1.8 Impact on the company

It is difficult to know how Internet will develop that it is in a remote future or near.

One saw by these various analyzes that a propaganda on the topic of « revolution Internet » invaded the media since the end of 90.

That Ci announces a revolution of the ways of life and company.

It would seem that reality wants to relativize this revolution.

Indeed Internet is a tool which, from its technical performance, is able to revolutionize a company but it would be necessary for that that our company has a strong and general will of modification to go in this direction.

If it has this general will then it will be able to take support on Internet to do what one calls a social revolution.

Even under the social pressure of the media and their promises, it is very probable that a company any Internet as the strongest partisans see it is not possible.

It appears clear that our company does not wish to digitize the whole of its activities.

On the other hand even if Internet is not a revolution as promised, it is very probable that the technical potentiality of this tool will attract part of the population.

It thus will not be a social revolution but it will modify and create part of the economic activities and social.

Internet will cause social positive assets but it is also likely to involve perverse effects.

This enormous data base which constitute the mother of all networks can be seen like a formidable tool of transparency for the population.

She will have access to many information but one of the risks is that, which one calls, it « No man' S Land legal » does not encroach on the intimate and private field of the people.

One also speaks about communication even of universal thought. Internet can allows all one each one to communicate with which one wishes, in real time, and to the other end of the world. The problem is that this technique will not remove our identity and our culture which is attached to our country.

Internet is also as one saw previously a tool which allows car-promotionner. The mother of all networks makes it possible to circulate there freely and at high speed. It is a new world where one can feel main.

It is a positive side for the recognition of oneself even.

Concurrently to that, one also saw the possible obstacles where freedoms and the risk of inequalities have as a probability of being accentuated with Internet.

The challenge is not with dimensions communication system but with dimensions of the differences and cohabitation i.e. the capacity to manage its differences. The race with the new techniques is likely to be frustrating because the stake of the communication is not the with dimensions one of the technical performance but of with dimensions of the test of the others.

Moreover the fundamentalist ones and the media push us towards Internet so much towards with dimensions to be it together world but also towards a singularisation.

The ideal life would be that where we would be separate, where the direct meeting would be reduced, it should be paid attention, because by-there, one already threatens a social bond in difficulty.

A study^13(*) carried out by the team of Robert Kraut near 256 people over two years with Pittsburgh showed that the use of Internet decreases the circle of the social relations close and remote, loneliness increases, increases the depressive feelings.

Recluses of a new kind appear everywhere, who maintain nothing any more but one report/ratio informational and instrumentalized in the world which surrounds them. These people build a social bond which is not completely any more that of a human society.

1.9 Analyze assumption

The assumption was to check that the media of Internet was going in the future to carry out in addition to its current technical revolution, a social revolution.

One understands by social revolution a general upheaval of the activities and relations of the people in our company.

According to these analyzes, it seems that this assumption is not completely checked and it is advisable to say that Internet will probably not be a social revolution but which it all the same will fit in our company and will deploy some positive and negative points there. Internet is all the same a tool with enormous potentialities which is worth really the sorrow to be interested in it.

On the near future, the development of access to Internet is calculable with much difficulty. One could say « who will live will see ». The immense din which is reflected everywhere, on television, in the media, publicity, the political speeches as well as in the daily conversations, « it is necessary that I put myself at it », one in the mouth of many people hears, give more the impression to yield to a social pressure than to have a real need for it.

Passed a certain threshold of diffusion, a technical object becomes essential, even if it is not wished and if its use poses problem.

Once reached this threshold, it will become difficult to do without from a computer and Internet under penalty of insulating the recalcitrant ones socially.

It is to reach this threshold that publicity aims initially the sensitive layers, in particular youth, targets privileged promise of a new world.

* ¹ Domenica Wolton  ; Internet and afterwards  ; ED. Flammarion  ; 2000

* ² Domenica Wolton  ; Internet and afterwards  ; ED. Flammarion  ; 2000

* ³ Breton Philippe  ; The worship of the Internet  ; ED. The discovery  ; 2000

* ⁴ Bill Gates  ; The road of the future  ; ED. Robert Laffont  ; 1995

* ⁵ Pierre Levy  ; World philosophy

* ⁶ Yves Studies  ; The World  ; April 28  ; p16-17

* ⁷ Pascal Bubble  ; Release  ; February 25, 2000

* ⁸ Domenica Wolton  ; Internet and afterwards  ; ED. Flammarion  ; 2000

* ⁹ Breton Philippe  ; The worship of the Internet  ; ED. The discovery  ; 2000

* ¹⁰ Jean Paul Fitoussi  ; The new age of the inequalities  ; Threshold  ; 1996

* ¹¹ This report/ratio is composed of five different documents, of which that written by Ducan Campbell, the Scottish journalist who revealed the existence of the system Echelon dice 1998.

* ¹² www.cnil.fr

* ¹³ City in Social sciences n° 108  ; August-September 2000