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E-Presse : Presse en danger ou complément de l'informationpar Thierry Schiltz Université de Bordeaux 3 - Maà®trise de communication sociale 2002 |
CONCLUSION FIRST PARTIn conclusion of this part, It is important to say that it is necessary to relativize the concept of social revolution that some let claim. Internet will not manage to create a company where any information would circulate freely and peacefully. It will not manage either to change the social reports/ratios considerably. It is a powerful tool which will help us in many activities which they are economic, cultural, communication and different but it will not upset our world company basically. It is a tool which is not inserted yet in our company and which seeks to take its place. Its development is certainly far from being with maturity, but it does not seem to have for destiny to create a new and better world. INTRODUCTION SECOND PARTThis part aims to check five assumptions which relate to primarily the setting in electronic version of the daily newspapers of the French newspaper industry. Internet, associated its promise of development, made us reflect on the possibility of a fall, even of a replacement of the newspaper industry by the electronic press. This part will allow us, by theory, to analyze this point and to have an outline on the paradigms of the electronic press. It is a question of analyzing the possibilities, operation, the actors, the statute and the state of the current market of this new activity of press by checking five assumptions. It thus in this part five pennies left there including/understanding each one an assumption checked theoretically one after the other. Once after having validated or not the assumptions then we will have made the theoretical turn of this analysis. II. PAPER MEDIUM WITH THE ELECTRONIC MEDIUM Many daily newspapers on paper medium created a version on electronic medium. This second assumption states that the electronic version will compete with the version paper of the current daily newspapers. 1 . Compete with or complementarity 1.1 Beginnings of the press on line The beginnings of the press on line go up to 1992 in the United States; in France, it is necessary to wait until 1995. The first experiment of setting on line was made by Chicago Tribune at the beginning of the year 1992. But the daily newspaper which has the appearance of an academic case is Mercury News, created in May 1993 by a daily newspaper of Silicon Valley, San Jose Mercury News. Its fast success is to be put in relation to the quite particular characteristics of the Californian valley: more than 60% of the hearths have a computer and the economic and cultural life is centered on research and new technologies. The example of Release. At the beginning of the year 1995, Libération14(*) launches a weekly supplement devoted to multi-media (appearing Friday). Noting the success of these pages, the direction of the daily newspaper decides to put the multi-media book on line. Since, the contents of the site largely developed: headings especially designed for the electronic version, rich iconography, paying files of the newspaper. Thereafter of many regional daily newspapers or nationals launched out in adventure Internet like the South-western daily newspaper, Western France, the World.... According to a study of Benchmark Group15(*) of April 2001, out of 3400 titles of French press, more than one third's is from now on present on Internet. The debate on the future of the traditional newspaper industry currently oscillates between happy optimism and apocalyptic vision. Some prophesy the death of the newspapers and even that of the journalists, while others refuse to intend to speak about the numerical support and the consequences which rise from its use.
It is one of the first questions which comes to mind, namely the consequences which the press one line can cause with the newspaper industry. As opposed to what certain people say, who place Internet above all, the newspaper industry will have beautiful days still in front of it. It should be known that per hour when begins the emergence of the press on line, the written world press consumes it, nearly 53 million tons to paper each year including more than 2 million for France16(*). Internet is still a new media which sulfur of a weak rate of equipment of microcomputers. What involves that only still a minority of the French population has access to the mother of all networks. Thus let us make, initially, a first point on the equipment of the households, which will make it possible to make thereafter a comparison with the other media. This will enable us to show itself, in the current state, the place which Internet in the households takes. 1.2 quantify key Internet :
36.1% of the hearths are equipped out of microcomputers and 22% have access to Internet.
There are 32.5% of the population which at least once states to have been connected in the month. ACCOUNTS Of ACCESS A Internet OPENED BY the MEMBERS Of the AFA18(*)
7.725 00 subscriptions opened by the members of the AFA. In these tables one can thus realize that it there A 22 % is 5.410.000 of hearths having access to Internet and that there was an increase of 4% in one year. In addition one can compare this figure with the rate of equipment of two other media. Television : Histogram20(*) Ci below shows us that there is 93% of the hearths which are equipped with a television.
The radio : Equipment by hearth of six stations on average. For the press one cannot speak about equipment since everyone is supposed capacity to buy a daily newspaper. Nevertheless, there is according to media pocket, approximately 42% of the French population which read at least a daily newspaper. These figures already reveal an essential point, Internet is a media which, compared with the others, still has a weak rate of penetration in the hearths. Internet is still a new media but it should be specified that it is in constant evolution, it is enough to see the number of subscribers with the AFA to realize that one passed from 150.000 subscribers in 1996 to 7.725.000 in 2002. One needed forty year so that the radio reaches an audience of 50 million and close to about fifteen for television, Internet is to 7 million in 5 years. 1.3 Different assistantships Not more than the radio and television did not put at the rammer the press and the edition, Internet will not supplant the printed newspapers. It is on the contrary a means for the newspaper industry to diversify and meet new needs. In a first point, the editions on line of the newspapers often make it possible to touch readers who do not read the edition paper. For example, in the case of the daily newspaper the Echoes21(*), 60%22(*) of the readers do not read the edition paper. In the same way, nearly two thirds of the subscribers of Wall Street Journal23(*) interactive are not subscribed with the traditional newspaper. It should be known that one of the dramas of the newspaper industry is in the little of interest which the younger generations carry to him. The more so as the reading of a daily newspaper concerns a practice which is learned very early in the life, if not it is only acquired very with difficulty. The Net surfers are precisely younger than the traditional reader. It is a new unhoped-for public for the daily newspapers too often reserved for « dad ». The Web must be able to federate these two generations, in their proposer more credible and gravitational information. It even announces that the young French Net surfers, the 15-34 years, are those which most frequently go in a newspaper kiosk to buy a magazine or a daily newspaper. It is what reveals a made study public end 1999 by bva/diffusion controls24(*). Surfer on information would incite them finally more, that theirs elder, to divide into sheets the newspapers before buying them. More half of the Net surfers are subscribed with newspapers whereas the others are only only one third. 1.4 Convergence of the two supports Indeed the press on the fabric will allow the newspaper industry to diversify by touching a new public while meeting another need for its usual assistantship. The press on the fabric will come complémentariser the printed newspaper industry and one can already give certain great advantages which give this new complementarity. Modernity. The arrival on the fabric of the newspaper industry confers a new image of modernity to him which was the prerogative of television before and, to a lesser extent, of the radio. It becomes possible to associate with the writing, to make it more reactive gravitational, of the sound and the images. Valorization of the data base. The services in line of many newspapers place at the disposal of the reader part of their files. Research is facilitated by a classification set of themes and the use of search engines. The setting on line also makes it possible to develop the data base of the newspapers by the access to the data bases developed by the services of documented and the journalists. Depth of information. Thanks to the hyperlinks, information acquires a new dimension, a new depth. One connects the article to complementary documents such as geographical charts, biographical notes, official texts, information of an economic nature, cultural, former articles... The journalist can also place at the disposal of the reader part of his sources, in order to support what it advances. The newspaper industry is freed, in some kinds, of the constraints space time and can hope to increase its credit near the readers. The arrival on the Fabric of the newspaper industry widens the contents of information offered: the Web sites of the newspapers are from now on capable to propose at the same time, like specifies it Domenica Wolton25(*), of «information event» and «information knowledge». One also finds, on the sites of the newspapers, «information service» and «information leisure», which can sometimes pose a problem of confusion between what concerns the practice of the journalism and that of the trade.
1.5 interactivity : The interactivity between the journalist and his reader was not born with Internet since, since the invention of the transmitter, letters to the Editor and receiver dialog. But Internet gives a new broadth to the interactivity, transforms the relationship between the journalist and his reader. Thanks to the electronic mail, the reader can react on an article, request precise details from his author.
by-there same, the Community function of the newspaper (and fidelity for the publication) are reinforced, as the multiplication testifies some to the forums of discussions on the Web sites of the newspapers. The discussion relates to topics launched by the newspaper or even by the readers. The fact that the reader is increasingly critical, and especially that it lays out from now on means of announcing his reaction, obliges the mediator to seek a greater reliability, to show larger serious. An example of interactivity on Aftonbladet Online26(*): Dag Kättsröm, journalist Internet with the Swedish daily newspaper, went to Japan to cover the Olympic Games with Nagano in December 1997. Beyond the images, sound and video, its intervention as a multi-media journalist consisted in reaching daily Internet thanks to its portable computer and animating forums of discussion (cats) by calling on various sporting champions present over there. The Net surfers could directly put questions with the sportsmen. 1.6 Personalization of the offer * 14 http://www.liberation.fr/ * 15 http://www.benchmark.fr; Expertise Internet with the service of the companies * 16 Charles de Laubier ; « The press on Internet » ; ED. What I know ?; 2000 ; Pages 6 * 17 http://www.mediametrie.com 2 http://www.mediametrie.com * 18Association of the Suppliers of Access to Services on line and the Internet * 19 http://www.mediametrie.com * 20 http://www.media-poche.com/home.htm * 21 http://www.lesechos.fr/ * 22 Charles de Laubier ; « The press on Internet » ; ED. What I know ?; 2000 ; Pages 14 * 23 http://interactive.wsj.com/home.html * 24 www.bva.fr * 25 Domenica Wolton ; Internet and afterwards ; ED. Flammarion ; 2000 * 26This exenple is quoted in the work of Charles de Laubier ; The press one line in Europe ; http://www.scd.univ-tours.fr/Epress/sommaire.html; Chapter 3 |
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