Section 2. THE
MULTINATIONALISATION OF FOOTBALL BUSINESS :
ESTABLISHMENT Abroad
It is not usual to hear expressions like that in the
high-speed motorboat. At first sight, it resembles more one bastard coupling
than with a reality which can be observed and to analyze itself with suitable
lenses. However, it is well the case, in spite of the fact that
multinationalisation rimerait harmoniously with companies or firms. But DUNNING
John H. (2000, p. 10) recognizes that « the growth of the knowledge
of capitalism led to an explosion of alliances inter firms ».
In fact, for a very long time, only the multinational
corporations had the capacity and the monopoly to operate on other territories.
The investments thus carried out take several forms. In their recent work on
the strategic globalisation and alliances applied to the industry of the
air lines, TAE Hoon Oum, Jong-Hun Park and Anming Zhang (2000, p. 11) outline
that through the technique of strategic alliances, the firms hope to have
access on or to divide on the markets, the products, the resources and
technology. Alliances are born to reduce the costs, to share the risks, to
manufacture complementary services, to reinforce the distribution and to
optimize the strategies of marketing. This explanation contains also some
reasons for which the clubs of football cannot any more be satisfied with the
territory of seat.
The hyper-marchandisation of the sport, consequence of
universalization, justifies for a greater part, this state of affairs. Indeed,
with dimensions out of purse, facing competition, always increasing, their
adversaries and wanting to maintain the level, at the same time prestige and
budget, at the moment when, the explosion of the wages of the players is an
obviousness (Késenne S and Jeanreaud C, COp cit., p. 1), the clubs of
football have, perhaps, without really to have envisaged it like such,
considering their aspect to be identified, by moment, with that of the
transnational corporations or multinational.
According to Drucker P. (1997), a transnational corporation
has only one economic area, the world ; even if the sale, maintenance and
the legal service are assumed locally, the fixing of the prices, the management
of finances, research are carried out according to the world market. This
theoretical effort of differentiation between the transnational corporation and
that multinational A however the merit to bring out the features characteristic
of the latter. It acts, says Mucchielli J.L (1998, p. 18), of very undertaken
having at least a manufacturing unit abroad, because, multinationals,
transnational, transplants, subsidiary companies are only of multiple names or
qualifiers given to this type of company.
The clubs of football do thus not miss completely of this
dial, insofar as, for the very first time, the road towards their
multinationalisation coincides with this reflection of Mr. David H. WILL (1999,
p. 13), bearing on the point of view of the federations (of football) on the
new rules of transfer. To react to the decision of the European Court of
Justice in the business Bosman, the vice-president of the FIFA, pleading the
death of football, the appearance of several possibilities in the medium of the
clubs foresaw, in order to mitigate the hard effects of the stop. Thus, he said
in particular that « concept off feeder clubs is already
established in nap countries- has major club with one gold has off number
smaller satellite clubs, the relative club helping financially with youth
general training and running costs, goal having first cal one transfer off
satellite' S players ». Born from a feeling of pain,
internationalization, thus described seems to bear fruit.
Paragraph 1. The presence of
the clubs of football abroad.
Of aucuns admit that the establishment abroad, for purposes of
exploitation of its business abroad, is one of the consequences of the
acceleration of universalization. The dream of this one is achieved, not
because it is new, but because technology is new and particularly effective. To
equip its reasoning, the economist Nigerian, OKGBO (1999, pp. 101-102),
summarizes that « in 70 years, between 1920 and 1990, the cost of the
maritime transport dropped of more than 66%, while during ten years, between
1960 and 1970, the cost of air transport decreased by 60%... the costs of the
international telephone calls decreased of more than 80%, between 1940 and 1970
and of 90%, between 1970 and 1990. » Consequently, why, one would not
yield easily to temptation to conquer new spaces which are precursory good
bargains for an economic operator ?
Easy to conceive for the trade undertakings,
internationalization seems not to adapt to the clubs of football. However, if
one transposes the concept of the vice-president of the FIFA, which speaks
about club relative and food club, one approaches a reality which already
shaped. But that is not carried out a feature. In the lines which follow, we
try to recall the route, not always unilinear, several clubs of football, among
which those richest.
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