SECOND
PART (II).
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FOOTBALL :
STAKES AND OUTLINES.
Many things were known as on the economic stake [(Andreff W,
1987), (Noll Roger G., Zimbalist Andew, Edit., 1997) and social (Borough and
Gouguet, 1998)] sport, but more particularly of football. We will not take them
again, with the risk of us enliser in rejecting repetitions. On the other hand,
the advisability of examining the question compared to the developing
countries, receivers of investments even in the sporting sector seems to us
thus offered. Also, proves it adequate to think in a first chapter of the
impact of the economic internationalization of football in the developed
countries, then in a second with his contribution with the developing
countries, in particular, those of Africa.
CHAPTER I : IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC INTERNATIONALIZATION
OF
FOOTBALL ON THE COUNTRIES DEVELOP.
To avoid any confusion on developed the countries term, we
would like to specify by there the countries in which are originating the
majority in the rich clubs, agents of the internationalization of football.
The evaluation of the real impact of the spectacle football on
the economy is the sharp controversies object between economists even if one
cannot deny that its economic weight is considerable. Constant in its
reasoning, Kurscheidt (2000, p. 48) continues, in connection with sports in
their globality which «the modern markets of the sport represent thus a
true sector of growth in the national economy of the industrialized countries
with diversified structures, commercial interdependences extended within the
private sector and complex relations with respect to the public sector».
More and more, one agrees to raise that an important
distinction must be made between two types of impact studies : The first,
microeconomic, is based on the analysis costs benefit. (Andersen, 1999 ;
Burgan, B. & Mules, T. 1992, pp. 700-710 ; Crompton, H., 1995, pp.
14-35 ; Dubi, C., 1996, pp. 88-92 ; Yoshioka, c.f. & Al, 1991,
pp. 1-2 ; Késenne, S. & Task, Mr., 2000, pp. 342-365) and the
second, macroeconomic are worried to know what the economic activity or
monetary flows generates by project or which importance an industry like the
sector of the sport in general has it on the national or regional economy
(Késenne, 1999, pp. 29-39).
We, on our side, rather focus our analysis on what the
strategy of international decentralization of the economic activities of the
clubs of football would be able to give birth to as well in the countries as
near the local clubs. By those admittedly the players as well as the members of
the personnel always, by effect of drive, directly or are indirectly
reached.
At the beginning, it should be recognized that in its primary
meaning, the sport can be defined as « all forms of physical
activities which, through a participation organized or not, aim at the
improvement of the physical and psychic condition, the development of the
social relations or obtaining results in competition of all levels. »
(Article 2 of the European Charter of the Sport of the Council of Europe).
For this reason, the sport fulfills some functions,
namely : educational, of public health, social, cultural and ludic.
« Considered under the economic angle, the sport represents a sector
under development increasing. Sporting sponsoring generates 15 billion dollars,
the sale of the rights of retransmission TV 42 billion and the sale tickets 50
billion. » (European Commission, Directorate X, 1998, p. 6). The
European sport accounts for 36% of this trade, continues the study of the
European Commission. In Europe, the respective share of the Member States most
populated in this trade is of : Germany (30%), United Kingdom (22%), Italy
(17%), France (15%). In Europe, the sport counts among the economic branches of
industry which generate employment among the young people. A joint study,
undertaken by professors Task and Késenne (1998, p. 98), reveals that
the activities of the sport in Flanders generated for Belgium at least 70.697
established posts.
The economic internationalization of football goes beyond the
positive aspects enumerated above as example. By it, one can in particular
add some others. There are in particular the quotation of the clubs out of
purse, the reinforcement of the ro^le of the industry of the sport, the
potential increase in the investment as well in the countries developed as in
the developing countries, the possibility of controlling, of even fighting
against the clandestine immigration of sporting origin, the creation and the
repair of the stages of football, the creation of new jobs for thousands of
young footballers and the labor still to unemployment.
Section 1. THE QUOTATION
OF THE CLUBS OUT OF PURSE.
Paragraph 1. carried
The entry of the economic operators in football, like patrons
or investors largely contributed to football to change configuration. It led,
said Andreff, so that the value of the credits becomes a strategic variable of
their management. The clubs of football were constrained, by need, to manage
itself like trade undertakings, even like multinational corporations. As well
on the procurement plan as on that of financing, several innovations were noted
in the management of the rich clubs of Europe. Quotation out of purse, by
imitation of the multinationals, passes for most spectacular.
The history of football informs that this play would have from
England. Eh well, just like for the ball, it is in England that was born
quotation out of purse from the clubs of football. Tottenham, club of London
opened the way in 1983. Since this time, until now, one does not count less
than twenty teams dimensioned out of purse in England. And by effect of
contagion, several clubs of Europe are also with dimensions out of purse :
Ajax of Amsterdam, in May 1999 ; in Italy, Lazio of Rome ; in
Denmark, the FC Kopenhagen belongs to four other teams which experienced the
stock exchange adventure.
In Germany, the central Bank even requested the quotation of
funds of placement having of the participations in the eighteen German clubs of
the first division. For its part, the Italian club of Fiorentina launched, in
collaboration with the bank of businesses Merril Lynch, a bond at 10 years for
a total amount of 70 billion liras, loan guaranteed by the future receipts of
the subscriptions. And, in compensation, Merril has an option of 10% on the
capital of the club. Seen under this aspect, it is more possible to believe
only only the nationals of the country originating in the club will be
shareholders. Far from there, on the contrary. Way impérialement is thus
impérialement led to the entry of the investors of all the edges of the
world.
It is thus undeniable, concludes Mattys Nico (1999, p. 28)
that football became a true industry. The clubs are overlapping in the economic
life and are managed like true companies. The competition remains certainly the
center of the concerns but, in orbit, one finds a chain increasingly longer of
money, power and celebrity. Universalization, large accelerator of the increase
in the international exchanges, « tends to create an integrated world
economy, in which competitions and markets include the whole ground...
resources, which until there were largely national or unexploited, become
internationally mobile while the national economies become increasingly
interdependent » (Mathieu Edouard, 1999, p. 7).
Like other companies, that of the football which one would
believe to be located only on a given territory, is currently worried to make
sign of life on the international level. It sells its product to with it :
the club. Its incomes are diversified more and more : sale of the tickets,
they found in other sources, an unquestionable means of economic and
international expansion of football.
Let us quote in particular sponsoring, the merchandizing, the
rights of retransmission. Referring to the European clubs of football, Andreff
W (2000, pp. 182 and S) stresses that the majority of the European professional
clubs do not have any more the structure of financing of the model Spectateurs-
subsidies sponsors room. The current model of financing is increasingly founded
on four sources : Media gone tycoons merchandizing.
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