The importation of articles of sport and the foreign
investment in the industry which manufactures these articles increase the
quality and the variety of the products placed at the disposal of the sportsmen
and other people. They are thus advantageous for the host countries. At the
European level, the delocalizations are not announced yet. On the other hand,
the report/ratio of the Council of Europe of 1995 notes that multinationals
delocalized their production in developing countries by the means of an
international subcontracting, in particular for clothing and the shoes. The
contribution is not not very enormous there.
Paragraph 3.
Internationalization like means to fight against the clandestine immigration of
the sportsmen of the Third World.
Report carried out by the journalist of the chain of
television France 2 in their emission « Special correspondent of
October 24, 2000 » showed that a great number of clandestine from
Africa, of South America, Asia just like of Eastern Europe are found in this
state because of the sport. Solicited in their countries of origin by
«false impressarii », they unload in Europe
with the firm insurance to carry out a profitable career of footballer in such
or such other prestigious club. However, as it is often the case, it arrives
that the famous intermediaries do not follow any more the evolution of the
insertion of these young defectors so much in the club proposed but in the
Western company. And, in the worst case, once the test is not conclusive in the
new team, the young people, always dreaming of a possible chance to evolve/move
in Europe, rock ipso facto in clandestinity.
However, while supporting, then positively helping the
initiatives of the clubs of football and why not of other sports be opened
outside, and in particular with the developing countries, of two things
one : either, the immigration of young players of these countries towards
Europe within the framework of football, because is made legal possible through
the transfer or the loan, or they evolve/move on the spot but in the company
football.
It is an enormous advantage which there is place to support
truly by financing, cooperation agreements even between the developed country
and developing countries, instead of attacking simply the facts without damming
up the causes of them. Payoke Association évertue to militate itself
against the exploitation by certain European companies of the labor of the
clandestine immigrants. That is well, but is not enough. We thus suggest that a
new topic of debates takes account of this aspect of things and offers the
prospects for a study able to enrich our proposal, with regard to the sport,
and in particular football.
CHAPTER II. IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES.
In their work, Noll Roger G and Zimbalist Andrew (1997, p. 55)
include a generally widespread opinion that «the sport is a good
investment, because it generates definitely positive benefit for the
community ».
This impact will have to be analyzed as well on the level of
general economic policy as to that of the clubs.
Section 1. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE NATIONAL
ECONOMIC POLICY.
To put the question of the impact of the internationalization
of football business, as we drew up the dial of it, about the developing
countries amounts differently reformulating the problems of the founded good of
universalization and the foreign direct investments on this category of
country. Several debates already took place and some are still held on the
subject, during which exposed brilliances were made. The literature which in
fate is certainly advised for reading. But, we do not return there here.
« Africa Subsaharienne entered the 20th poor
century, a strongly colonized area. While entering at the 21st century, much
things changed. Education took speed and the life expectancy increased... Since
the middle of the years 1990, of the signs of a good economic management
appeared, with the increase in the incomes and the level of exports... Except
for the Republic of South Africa, the average of the national income per capita
is 315 $ in 1997. The total income of the area is not as important as that of
Belgium to it only. » (The World Bank, 2000, pp. 7-8).
This severe diagnosis of the most important world institution
of development and financing joined the exhortation of the Secretary General of
the United Nations inviting the African countries to diversify their exports.
However, in several connections, the sport was often not
regarded as an activity able to generate incomes and to allow the creation of
jobs. For the World Bank, quoted by economic Problèmes (October 2000, p.
16) to increase competitiveness and to diversify the economies is a field to
which Africa must give the priority if she wants to assert the place which
returns to him at the new century. This is why, we suggest that it also counts
on the sport, by controlling the sector. It is likely to create jobs and to
increase the income of the inhabitants, those which work there, in first.
