BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING TO the
INTRODUCTION.
ANDREFF Wladimir (2000), finances of the sport and sporting
ethics,
in Review of financial economy.
BAYLE E., DURAND C., (2000), professional Sport and national
representation : Which future ? , in Reflections and perspective
of the economic life, Divides into volumes XXXIX-2000, n°2-3
BOROUGH (1998), Sports business and rules of the game, in
Sociétal, n° 20, June. BOROUGH and GOUGUET, (2000), Economy
of the sport, Paris, the Discovery.
UNCTAD (1998), Commission Report of the investment, technology
and of the related financial questions about its third
session, Geneva, September 14-18, 1998.
GOUGUET J-J, (2000), introduction in Reflections and
perspective of the economic life, sport
and universalization. Which stake for the 21st
century ? , Volume XXXIX-2000, n°2-3)
ILLKA Vuori et al., (1995), the role of the sport in the
company : health, socialization, economy.
Report published by the editions of the Council of Europe for
the 8èmeconférence of the European Ministers responsible for the
sport [Lisbon, May 17-18, 1995], in economic Problems, n°2.503 of
January 15, 1997.
KAMANDA wa KAMADA (1976), the African challenge, a power
which is unaware of, Paris, Africa Biblio Club, 201 p.
KABOU Axelle (1991), And if Africa refused the
development, Paris, Harmattan, 207 p.
NDESHYIO O. et al., (1985), anti-drift of Africa in
distress, Kinshasa, University Presses of Zaire.
KOFFI Annan (1998), Report/ratio of the Secretary General
of the United Nations on the activity of the
organization : «causes of the conflicts and the promotion of a
peace and a durable development in Africa», April 13, 1998.
OKIGBO Pius, (1999), the project of universalization and
development of the international financial organizations, a challenge for
sub-Saharan Africa in Southern Alternatives, Flight. VI, n°
2.OUATTARA Alassane (1999), Africa, an action plan for the 21st century in
Finances and Development, vol. 36, n° 1, p. 2, the IMF, Washington
D.C.
PLUVINAGE Isabelle (1999), the song of the swan, in the
Third World needs it Volunteers ? Work collective, Brussels, ED.
Colophon.
FIRST PART (I):
VESSELS OF THE ECONOMIC INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FOOTBALL.
Nobody knows exactly the extent of the trade of the sport, not
more than that of all the trade carried out by and for football. But, one can
learn from Monti Mario, European Commissaire in load of Competition, in his
speech of April 17, 2000, that «the competing policy feels concerned
because the sport and the business which is referred to it are from now on a
great business... the growth in the economic dimension of the sport these last
years, note it, are spectacular. Two million employment directly or was
indirectly created by the industry of the sports. It is an excellent
development. »
Under a style admiror, not deprived of concerns, it gives a
report on what «surprising, the value of the rights of retransmission
reached this increase, the right following the example of of retransmission of
the Olympic Games of Sydney sold for a billion three hundred million American
dollars, that is to say five times plus the price for the rights of
retransmission of the Olympic Games of Los Angeles ». Lastly, it
announces what: « I was very interested to read in the
newspapers details off has revised three-year deal being offered by English
First League, and that this was being seen have worth have much have pound
billion in total, partly reflecting the new Internet possibilities. »
MONTI Mario (2000).
However, more and more, some studies considering the field
bring back figures. Borough J.F (1998, p. 29), estimates that «the sport
accounts for 1 to 1,5% of the GDP in the developed countries and 2,5% of the
world trade. At the scale of planet, its sales turnover is estimated at 2.500
billion French francs ». By stirring up the figures and the comments
relating to it, it is released that the commercial and financial transactions
around the sport, and thus of football, generate enormous money flows which it
would not be interesting to underestimate a priori. The money of the sport
proceeds in particular of a series of activities which are summarized in clear
terms in the creation of jobs, payments of the wages raised with the players of
football, in exorbitant costs of the rights of retransmission TV and radio, in
patronages, etc Ainsi, one can distinguish four types of activities which,
attached to football, make a real business of them and accompany
internationalization by it. It is about the transfer of the players, of the
creation of the centers of formation for young players, and of the acquisition
of a holding in the capital of certain clubs on the one hand, and of the sale
of the rights of retransmission TV, the sponsoring and the production of the
sporting equipment or not to the colors of the clubs, on the other hand.
However, remains, outstanding, the question of knowing what it is necessary to
understand by internationalization of football.
I.A. DEFINITION OF the
CONCEPT «INTERNATIONALIZATION».
Internationalization is indifferently used to mean
globalisation or multinationalisation. But, in a strict sense, of the nuances
appear, which prune confusion of it. In vogue, lately, « the
globalisation, as well as the precise MUCCHIELLI (1998, p. 97), can mean in a
way similar to universalization. In this direction, it increases, the firm
regards the world market as only one and even gone
(Launching of product simultaneously on the three large
continents : America Asia Europe), whose integration would be particularly
thorough. » This logic meets that of OECD (1993, p. 7), for which
« the globalisation can then be defined as the widening and the
deepening of the activities of the companies aiming producing and at selling
goods and services on a greater number of markets ». This definition
joined that which GROU Pierre (1997, p. 116) gives which, on its side,
understands by « multinationalisation of a company or sometimes
internationalization the fact that it installed at least a subsidiary company
of production apart from its own territory of origin ». In the same
way, one can note with EDGARD P. HIBBERT (1997, p. 34), that « the
process of internationalization, described the sequence in which a company of a
national organization evolves/moves, serving a relatively homogeneous local
market, to become an active exporter, and consequently an international
corporation serving a great number of multinational and cultural markets
various. ». Lastly, SKLAIR Leslie
(2000, p. 344) supplements that « the globalisation
is a relatively new idea in sociology, although in other disciplines like the
international businesses and the international relations, it means the same
thing... The theory of the total system is based on the concept of
transnational, practical practices which cross the borders of the
States ». But, this market, we said it to the beginning, always does
not move away from the sport. The markets of the sport were mondialisés
and gradually integrated. They are internationalized, in this direction that,
basing on asset of pushed economy world, sport there discovers elements which
ensures to him an expansion beyond the borders of the States, which worse is,
far from the yoke of its object of antan. Thus, the economic
internationalization of the sport can be conceived in a more general angle like
the process by which the sports activities continuing of the commercial
objectives, overflow of the national borders of the States of the clubs which
carry out them and take place abroad or in connection with the foreigner. It
proves already alarming to specify that the multinationalisation of the
activities of the clubs fits only less in the diagram of the production of the
tangible properties that in that of the services. The thesis according to
which « the services were looked like amorphous, unproductive, as an
industrial system whose value was not completely included in the GNP of much
country or in the statistics trade of the majority of the countries until in
the years 1970, » having been fought, the results of work and
research admire since the years 1980, that « theoretically, the
trade of the services gets with some exceptions, the same rights of comparative
advantage and the same profits as those coming from the trade of the
goods ».(DUNKLEY G., 2000, PP.177-175). Thus for example, the fact
that a team of football commits itself training young players in a foreign
country or that it takes part in the capital of another local team would not
lend to the idea of an activity of production of goods, but well rather of the
services.
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