QUOTE
«The impossibility of gaining Security Council
authorization for the intervention indicated a disturbing tension between two
core values of international legal system; respect for state sovereignty and
commitment to peaceful relations among nations and on the other hand protection
of basic human rights»
(Buchanan, 2003: 131).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
ii
CERTIFICATE
ii
DEDICATED
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
QUOTE
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
xi
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1
1.1. Background of Study
1
1.2. Statement of Problem
4
1.3. Research Questions
6
1.4. Hypothesis
7
1.5. Research Objectives
7
1.6. Significance of this Study
8
1.7. Research Methodology
8
1.8. Scope of Study
9
1.10. The Structure of the Research
10
CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
11
2.1. Introduction
11
2.2 War or Armed Conflict
11
2.2.1. International Armed Conflict (IAC)
11
2.2.2. Non-International Armed Conflicts (NIAC)
12
2.3. Sovereignty in International Norms
13
2.3.1. Sovereignty Characterizations under
International Law
14
2.3.2 Relationship between Sovereignty and
Competence
14
2.3.2.1 Typology of Sovereignties
15
2.3.2.1.1 Sovereignty of Divine Law
16
2.3.2.1.2 Royal Sovereignty
16
2.3.2.1.3 Popular Sovereignty and National
Sovereignty
16
2.4 Jus Ad Bellum and Jus In
Bello
17
2.4.1. Jus Ad Bellum
17
2.4.2. Jus in Bello
18
2.5. Principles Governing International
Intervention
19
2.5.1. Humanitarian Intervention and Principle of
Sovereignty of States
19
2.5.1.1. Humanitarian Intervention
19
2.5.1.1.1. Content of Humanitarian Intervention
under International Law
20
2.5.1.2 The Principle of Sovereignty of States
under International Law
24
2.5.1.2.1. Application of the Principle
24
2.5.1.2.2 Internal Sovereignty
25
2.5.1.2.3. External Sovereignty
26
2.5.1.2.4. Limits and Exceptions to the Principle
of Sovereignty
26
2.5.2. Interference and Non-Interference
Principle
27
2.5.2.1 Content of the Principle Non
Interference
28
2.5.2.1.1. Limitations to the Principle of
Non-Intervention
29
2.5.3. The Use of Force in International Relations
and Humanitarian Intervention
29
2.5.3.1 The Doctrinal View in the Favor of
Humanitarian
30
2.5.3.2 The Other Factors of Determining the
Humanitarian Intervention
34
CHAPTER THREE: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE
INTERVENTION OF NATO IN LIBYA
36
3.1. Introduction
36
3.2. Legal Basis of Analysis of International
Intervention in Libya of 2011
36
3.2.1. The International Moral and Human Solidarity
Doctrine
36
3.2.2. The Ideology of Human Rights behind the
Libyan Intervention of 2011
41
3.3.2.1. Conditions for the Legitimization of the
Libyan Intervention
41
3.2.2.2. Lack of Indisputable Legal Basis in Regard
of Libyan Intervention
43
3.2.2.2.1. Analysis of Article 2§4 in regard
Libyan Intervention
43
3.2.2.2.2. The Discrepancy of UN Charter in Regard
of Libyan Intervention
47
3.3. Exceptions to the Principle of
Non-Intervention
54
3.3.1. Operations Based on the UNSC Resolutions
54
3.3.1.1 Risk of Armed Conflict
54
3.3.1.2 Violations of Human Rights as a Threat to
the Peace and Security
55
3.3.1.2.1 The Mechanisms of Collective Security
56
3.3.1.2.2 The Right of Humanitarian
Intervention
58
3.3.2. Operations Based on the Consent of the
State: Intervention Sought or Accepted
60
3.3.4. A Strictly Humanitarian and
non-Discriminatory Intervention
63
3.4.1. Violation of Jus Ad Bellum Principle in the
Regard of Libyan Intervention
66
3.4.2. Violation of Jus in Bell Principle in regard
of Libyan Intervention
67
CHAPTER FOUR: MECHANISMS TO INSURE NEUTRAL
AND FAIR HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
72
4.1. Effective Enforcement of Equality Principle to
end up Geostrategic Motives in Humanitarian Interventions
73
4.1.1. The Hidden Geostrategic
73
4.1.1.1. The Franco-British Expedition: The
Affirmation of an Imperial Policy in State of Emergency
74
4.1.2. Enforcing the Equal Treatment
76
4.1.2.1. Equality, a Constant in International
Law
77
4.1.2.2 The Principle of Sovereign Equality
78
10. A Political Meaning
79
20. A Legal Meaning
80
4.1.2.3. The Principle of Equality of Peoples
80
4.2. Advocacy for New Rules Governing Humanitarian
Action/ Intervention
82
4.2.1. The Law of the Use of Force
83
4.2.1.1. Humanitarian Intervention
83
4.2.1.1. Legality versus Legitimacy
84
4.2.1.2. Pre-Emptive Self Defence
85
4.2.2. Objectives and Consequences of Military
Intervention
86
4.2.2.2. Consequences of a Military
Intervention
86
4.3. Occupation and Exit Strategies
87
CHAPTER FIVE: GENERAL CONCLUSION
89
5.1. Summary and Findings of the Precedent
Chapters
90
5.2. Test of Hypothesis
92
5.2.1. First Hypothesis: «International
intervention in Libya by NATO of 2011 does not comply with the 1973 UN Security
Council resolution»
93
5.2.2. Second Hypothesis: «International
intervention in Libya by NATO of 2011 was for political purpose which led to
the negative humanitarian outcomes»
93
5.3. Suggestions and Recommendation
94
5.3.1. Recommendation to the UN Security
Council
94
5.3.2. Recommendation to the UN Members and to the
International Community
95
5.3.3. Recommendation to the Intervener State or
Organization
95
5.4. Contribution of this Dissertation in the Area
of Research
96
5.5. Scope for Further Researcher
96
BIBLIOGRAPHY
97
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