Internationalisation économique du sport. Les clubs de football sur les traces des entreprises multinationales

CONTENTS

DEDICATE 33

FOREWORD. 44

INITIALS AND ABBREVIATIONS 55

TABLES AND FIGURES. 55

0. INTRODUCTION 66

0.1. METHODOLOGY. 1010

0.2. PLAN OF WORK. 1111

BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING TO THE INTRODUCTION. 1212

FIRST PART (I): 1313

VESSELS OF THE ECONOMIC INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FOOTBALL. 1313

I.A. DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT «INTERNATIONALIZATION». 1414

I.B. ORIGINS OF THE ECONOMIC INTERNATIONLISATION OF THE SPORT. 1515

I.B.1. Irreducible push of universalization 15

I.B.2. The revolution of the CIO 16

I.B.3. The contribution of commercial television. 16

I.B.4. Interest of the sport to the eyes of the multinational corporations. 17

CHAPTER 1. OPERATIONS SUITABLE FOR FOOTBALL. 1919

SECTION 1. THE INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF THE PLAYERS. 1919

Paragraph 1. Definition of the transfer. 22

1.2. The Transfer of the players in African football. 24

1.3. Football business : emptied Africa of its best elements. 25

1.4. Football business : Africa victim of its material poverty. 26

1.5.a. Transfer : Source of provisioning of the raw material clubs. 27

1.5.b. Comments. 30

Paragraph 2 : The market of purchase and sale of the players : mercato. 40

2.1. Definition of the mercato. 40

2.2. Transfer of the players : future prospects 42

SECTION 2. THE MULTINATIONALISATION OF FOOTBALL BUSINESS : 4949

ESTABLISHMENT ABROAD 4949

Paragraph 1. The presence of the clubs of football abroad. 50

1. A. PRESENCE ABROAD WITHOUT INVESTMENT. 5151

1.A.1. The commissioned Agent or the semi-official recruiter. 51

1.A.2. The Agent laid off of the FIFA. 57

1.B. PRESENCE ABROAD WITH INVESTMENT. 5959

1.B.1. The creation of the centers of formation for young players : 59

confrontation enters the humanitarian and the business. 59

1.B.2. The Paris-Saint-Germain and the Planet Champions International of 60

Ouagadougou. 60

Paragraph 2. Projects of foreign direct investment. 64

2. A. THE PARTICIPATION OF AJAX IN GERMINAL BEERSCHOT ANTWERPEN (GBA). 6565

2.A.1. Percentage of 10%. 65

2.A.2. The implication in the management of the foreign club. 65

2.B. AJAX OF AMSTERDAM AND AJAX CAPE TOWN. 6666

SECTION 2. THE PRICE OF TRANSFER IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE 6868

BETWEEN THE CLUBS OF FOOTBALL OF THE SAME GROUP. 6868

Paragraph 1. Definition and assumption of application. 68

Paragraph 2. The resolution of the question of the price of transfer in this sector. 69

CHAPTER II. INDUCED OPERATIONS. 7070

SECTION 1. RIGHTS OF RETRANSMISSION : THE BASKET OF THE CENTURY 7070

Paragraph 1. Definition of the rights of retransmission. 70

Paragraph 2. Short historical background. 71

Paragraph 3. Rights of retransmission and conquest of the sporting events 72

international. 72

SECTION 2. MERCHANDIZING. 7575

Paragraph 1. Definition 76

Paragraph 2. Merchandizing like one of the consequences 77

internationalization of football. 77

SECOND PART (II). INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FOOTBALL : 7878

STAKES AND OUTLINES. 7878

CHAPTER I : IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC INTERNATIONALIZATION OF 7878

FOOTBALL ON THE COUNTRIES DEVELOP. 7878

SECTION 1. THE QUOTATION OF THE CLUBS OUT OF PURSE. 8080

Paragraph 1. carried 80

Paragraph 2. Evolution of the football dimensioned out of purse. 81

SECTION 2. THE REVELATION OF THE DERIVATIVES COMMERCIAL OF THE TRANSFER. 8282

SECTION 3. OTHER IMPACTS TO BE ANNOUNCED. 8282

Paragraph 1. The industry of the sport. 82

Paragraph 2. Internationalization of football and investment. 82

Paragraph 1. The African player, raw material of high quality. 85

Paragraph 2. Need for adapting the legislation governing football. 86

SECTION 2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC INTERNATIONALIZATION 8787

FOOTBALL ON THE CLUBS OF THE CONTINENT. 8787

Paragraph 1. On the level of the management of the clubs : fonctionnalisation of the practice of football. 87

Paragraph 2. Imitation of the model of financing of the European clubs of football. 88

2.1. Experiment of the Merchandizing by the three large Congolese clubs of Kinshasa : HAVE Vita Club, cd. Motema Pembe and HAVE Dragons. 88

CONCLUSION. 9191

Ø Similarity of the objectives. 92

Ø Advantages of the multinational corporations. 92

Ø Seek contents of the aforesaid advantages for the clubs of football. 93

DEDICATE

With ENDA, my well loved and homonymous daughter of my grandmother;

With my paternal and indéfectible affection is added, each moment of my life, since your birth, the legitimate pleasure to know you lucid, coherent and unquestionably intelligent: « Aperi laborem patris » and, enter the circle of large.

With you to see as much as thinking of you, flashes back as automatically as continuously in me the sincere one and responsible duty to offer all the best spectacle of the life to you who will inspire with you and with hold clean, courage, perseverance and firm hope, reward deserved of ceaseless and useful efforts,

In Kadzula Florentine O' ntor' a-baa, my mother

Brave man and clever educational; never my deep being the wonders of your tender benefits will be erased. To point out to you the sounded hour of the harvest of the fruits of your sacrifices, without which the man that I became should ever have been it,

With Olem Michele, my dear wife,

Faithful, impassively has patience, adviser, infallible support and first admiror of my efforts; here, I testify all the originality to my love and, like always, the constancy of his fidelity to you. As a sign of gratitude,

With you all my sisters and brothers, nieces and nephews, cousins and cousins, aunts and uncles, grandmother, great-aunts and great-uncles, for your expensive and solid affection,

I DEDICATE EC MEMORY.